UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
 
 
FORM 10-K
 
(Mark One)
  
 
ý
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008
OR
 
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the transition period from ____________to_________________
 
Commission file Number: 0-24249
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
     
Delaware
  
22-2919486
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
  
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
Saddle River Executive Centre
1 State Route 17 South, Saddle River, NJ  07458
(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)
 
(201) 258-8450
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Name of each exchange on which registered
The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
   
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 
 

 
 
 

Indicate by checkmark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o    No ý
 
Indicate by checkmark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o    No ý
 
Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý    No o
 
Indicate by checkmark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company.  See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.  (check one):
       
Large accelerated filer  o
Accelerated filer  o
Non-accelerated filer ý
Smaller reporting company  o
   
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
  
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o    No ý
 
The aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock, $0.01 par value per share, held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2008, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $63,438,954 (based on the closing sales price of the registrant's common stock on that date). Shares of the registrant's common stock held by each officer and director and each person who owns 10% or more of the outstanding common stock of the registrant have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
 
 As of February 27, 2009, 14,221,802 shares of the registrant's common stock, $0.01 par value per share, were issued and outstanding. 
 
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 
Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the Proxy Statement), to be filed within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008, are incorporated by reference in Part III hereof. Except with respect to information specifically incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the Form 10-K), the Proxy Statement is not deemed to be filed as part hereof.
 

 

 

 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K

     
  Page
PART I
    
 
Item 1.
Business
5
 
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
10
 
Item 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments
17
 
Item 2.
Properties
17
 
Item 3.
Legal Proceedings
17
 
Item 4.
Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
18
     
PART II
    
 
Item 5.
Market for our Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters
and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
18
 
Item 6.
Selected Financial Data
20
 
Item 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
21
 
Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
37
 
Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
37
 
Item 9.
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures
37
 
Item 9A.
Controls and Procedures
37
 
Item 9B.
Other Information
39
     
PART III
    
 
Item 10.
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
39
 
Item 11.
Executive Compensation
39
 
Item 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
39
 
Item 13.
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
39
 
Item 14.
Principal Accounting Fees and Services
39
     
PART IV
    
 
Item 15.
Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
40
       
Signatures
42


 
3
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K
 

 
FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENT INFORMATION
 
This Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act).  Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about our plans, objectives, beliefs and expectations, are forward-looking statements.  Forward-looking statements include statements preceded by, followed by or that include the words “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “estimates,” “intends,” “projects,” “should,” “may,” “will” or similar words and expressions.  These forward-looking statements are contained throughout this Form 10-K, including, but not limited to, statements found in Part I – Item 1 – “Business,” Part II – Item 5 – “Market for our Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Securities,” Part II – Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation” and “Part II – Item 7A – “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk”.
 
Forward-looking statements are only predictions and are not guarantees of future performance.  These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions involving judgments about, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions and future business decisions, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond our control.  These statements also involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results to be materially different from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statement.  Many of these factors are beyond our ability to control or predict.  Such factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
 
 
·
The effects of the current worldwide economic and financial crisis;
 
·
Changes in outsourcing trends or a reduction in promotional, marketing and sales expenditures in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and life sciences industries;
 
·
Early termination of a significant services contract or the loss of one or more of our significant customers or a material reduction in service revenues from such customers;
 
·
Our ability to obtain additional funds in order to implement our business model;
 
·
Our ability to successfully identify, complete and integrate any future acquisitions and the effects of any such acquisitions on our ongoing business;
 
·
Our ability to meet performance goals in incentive-based arrangements with customers;
 
·
Competition in our industry;
 
·
Our ability to attract and retain qualified sales representatives and other key employees and management personnel;
 
·
Product liability claims against us;
 
·
Changes in laws and healthcare regulations applicable to our industry or our, or our customers’, failure to comply with such laws and regulations;
 
·
The sufficiency of our insurance and self-insurance reserves to cover future liabilities;
 
·
Our ability to successfully develop and generate sufficient revenue from product commercialization opportunities;
 
·
Our ability to increase our revenues and successfully manage the size of our operations;
 
·
Volatility of our stock price and fluctuations in our quarterly revenues and earnings;
 
·
Failure of, or significant interruption to, the operation of our information technology and communication systems; and
 
·
The results of any future impairment testing for goodwill and other intangible assets.
 
Please see Part I – Item 1A – “Risk Factors” of this Form 10-K, as well as other documents we file with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from time to time, for other important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from our current expectations and from the forward-looking statements discussed in this Form 10-K.  Because of these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. In addition, these statements speak only as of the date of the report in which they are set forth and, except as may be required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason.
 

 
4
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

PART I
 
ITEM 1.
BUSINESS
 
Summary of Business
 
We are a leading provider of contract sales teams to pharmaceutical companies, offering a range of sales support services designed to achieve their strategic and financial product objectives.  In addition to contract sales teams, we also provide marketing research and promotional physician interaction program services.  Our services offer customers a range of promotional options for the commercialization of their products throughout their lifecycles, from development through maturity.  We provide innovative and flexible service offerings designed to drive our customers’ businesses forward and successfully respond to a continually changing market.  Our services provide a vital link between our customers and the medical community through the communication of product information to physicians and other healthcare professionals for use in the care of their patients.
 
We are among the leaders in outsourced pharmaceutical sales and marketing services in the United States.  We have evolved our commercial capabilities through innovation, organic growth and acquisitions.  We have designed and implemented programs for many large pharmaceutical companies as well as a variety of emerging and specialty pharmaceutical companies.  We recognize that our relationships with customers are dependent upon the quality of our performance, and our focus is to flawlessly execute our customers’ programs in order to consistently deliver their desired results.
 
Typically, our customers engage us on a contractual basis to design and implement promotional programs for both prescription and over-the-counter products.  The programs are tailored to meet the specific needs of the product and the customer.  These services are provided predominantly on a fee-for-service basis.  These contracts can include incentive payments that can be earned if our activities generate results that meet or exceed performance targets.  Contracts may generally be terminated with or without cause by our customers.  Certain contracts provide that we may incur specific penalties if we fail to meet stated performance benchmarks.
 
We commenced operations as a contract sales organization (CSO) in 1987 and we completed our initial public offering in May 1998.  Our executive offices are located at Saddle River Executive Centre, 1 State Route 17 South, Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 and our telephone number is (800) 242-7494.
 
Strategy
 
In 2007 we announced the implementation of a strategic plan, which was further refined in early 2008 to include the following primary components:
 
 
·
Recapture PDI’s position as the leading contract sales organization
 
·
Enhance our commercialization capabilities in order to provide a broader base of services and more diversified sources of revenue and,
 
·
Leverage our sales and marketing expertise to capitalize on product commercialization opportunities
 
In November 2008, Ms. Nancy Lurker joined PDI as our new chief executive officer and member of the Board of Directors with the full commitment of establishing PDI as the best in class contract sales organization in the United States.  Under Ms. Lurker’s leadership, we have intensified our focus on strengthening all aspects of the core CSO business that we believe will most favorably position PDI as the best in class contract sales organization in the United States.
 
In addition to concentrating our efforts on strengthening our core CSO business, we also continue to focus on enhancing our commercialization capabilities by aggressively promoting and broadening the depth of the value-added service offerings of our existing marketing services businesses, TVG Marketing Research & Consulting and Pharmakon.  However, in light of current market conditions, we are not currently seeking to make acquisitions of other commercialization service businesses.
 
As part of our product commercialization strategic initiative, we announced in April 2008 that we had entered into our first promotional arrangement.  However, as we re-evaluate this component of our strategy, we are not actively pursuing any additional product commercialization opportunities at this time although we may continue to evaluate potential opportunities for similar types of promotional arrangements on a very selective and opportunistic basis to the extent we are able to mitigate certain risks relating to the investment of our resources.
 

 
5
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

Reporting Segments and Operating Groups
 
For 2008, we reported under the following three segments: Sales Services; Marketing Services; and Product Commercialization.  For details on revenue, operating results and total assets by segment see Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K.
 
Sales Services
 
This segment, which focuses primarily on product detailing, includes our Performance Sales Teams and Select Accessä Teams.  This segment represented 79% of our consolidated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2008.  Product detailing involves a sales representative meeting face-to-face with targeted physicians and other healthcare decision makers to provide a technical review of the product being promoted.  Contract sales teams can be deployed on either a dedicated or shared basis.  This segment also includes a portfolio of expanded sales services known as “PDI ON DEMAND”, which includes talent acquisition services, pulsing teams and vacancy coverage services.  Our talent acquisition platform provides pharmaceutical customers with an outsourced, stand-alone sales force recruiting and on-boarding service.  Pulsing teams provide temporary full or flex-time sales teams of any size anywhere in the United States that are designed to help our customers increase brand impact during key market cycles or rapidly respond to regional opportunities.  Our vacancy coverage service provides customers with outsourced temporary full or flex-time sales representatives to fill temporary territory vacancies created by leaves of absence within our customers’ internal sales forces, which allows our customers to maintain continuity of services. From time to time, we also provide sales teams to market and promote the products and/or services of customers outside of the pharmaceutical and life sciences industries.
 
Performance Sales Teams
 
A Performance Sales Team works exclusively on behalf of one customer.  The sales team is customized to meet the customer’s specifications with respect to sales representative profile, physician targeting, product training, incentive compensation plans, integration with the customers’ in-house sales forces, call reporting platform and data integration.  Without adding permanent personnel, our customers receive high quality, industry-standard sales teams comparable to their internal sales force.
 
 
Select Access
 
Select Access represents a shared sales team business model where multiple non-competing brands are represented for different pharmaceutical companies.  Using these teams, we make a face-to-face selling resource available to those customers who want an alternative to a dedicated team.  We are a leading provider of this type of detailing program in the United States.  Since costs are shared among various companies, these programs may be less expensive for the customer than programs involving a dedicated sales force.  With a shared sales team, our customers receive targeted coverage of its physician audience within the representatives’ geographic territories.
 
Marketing Services
 
This segment, which includes our Pharmakon, TVG Marketing Research & Consulting (TVG) and Vital Issues in Medicine business units, represented 21% of consolidated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2008.
 
Pharmakon
 
Pharmakon’s business is focused on the creation, design and implementation of promotional peer interactive programming targeted to healthcare professionals.  Each marketing program can be delivered through a number of different venues, including; teleconferences, dinner meetings, webcasts, satellite and other alternative media.  Within each of our programs, we offer a number of services including strategic design, tactical execution, technology support, audience generation, moderator services and thought leader management.  In the last ten years, Pharmakon has conducted over 45,000 peer interactive programs with more than 550,000 participants. In addition to our peer interactive programs, Pharmakon also provides promotional communications activities, thought leader training and content development.
 
TVG Marketing Research & Consulting
 
TVG employs leading edge, and in some instances proprietary, research methodologies to provide qualitative and quantitative marketing research to pharmaceutical companies with respect to healthcare providers, patients and managed care customers worldwide.  We offer a full range of pharmaceutical marketing research services, including studies designed to identify the highest impact business strategy, profile, positioning, message, execution, implementation and post implementation for a product.  We believe our marketing research model improves our customers’ knowledge about how physicians and other healthcare professionals will likely react to products.
 

 
6
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

We utilize a systematic approach to pharmaceutical marketing research.  Recognizing that every marketing need, and therefore every marketing research solution, is unique, we have developed our marketing model to help identify the work that needs to be done in order to identify critical paths to marketing goals.  At each step of the marketing model, we can offer proven research techniques, proprietary methodologies and customized study designs to address specific product needs.
 
Vital Issues in Medicine
 
Our Vital Issues in Medicine (VIM®) business unit developed and executed continuing medical education services funded by the biopharmaceutical and medical device and diagnostics industries.  We are currently in the process of winding down the operations of the VIM business unit and expect this process to be completed during 2009.
 
Product Commercialization
 
In March 2008, we announced a new strategic initiative to identify and take advantage of opportunities to enter into arrangements with pharmaceutical companies to provide sales and marketing support services and potentially limited capital in connection with the promotion of pharmaceutical products in exchange for a percentage of product sales above a certain threshold amount.  These types of arrangements would typically involve a significant upfront investment of our resources with no guaranteed return on investment and would be expected to generate losses in the first year of the contract as program ramp up occurs.
 
On April 11, 2008, we announced that we had entered into our first arrangement under our product commercialization strategic initiative to provide sales and marketing support services in connection with the promotion of a pharmaceutical product on behalf of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation.  See Note 1 and Note 10 the consolidated financial statements as well as “Part I – Item 1 – Business – Contracts – Product Commercialization” and “Part I – Item 1A – Risk Factors ” of this Form 10-K for additional information.   As we re-evaluate this strategic initiative in conjunction with the appointment of Ms. Lurker as our new chief executive officer, we are not actively pursuing any additional product commercialization opportunities at this time although we will continue to evaluate potential opportunities within this segment on a very selective and opportunistic basis to the extent we are able to mitigate certain risks relating to the investment of our resources.
 
Contracts
 
Set forth below is a general description of our service contracts within our business segments.
 
Sales Services
 
Contracts within our Sales Services business segment consist primarily of detailing agreements and are nearly all fee-for-service arrangements.  The term of these contracts is typically between one and two years which may be renewed or extended upon mutual agreement of the parties.  The majority of these contracts, however, are terminable by the client for any reason upon 30 to 90 days’ notice.  Certain contracts provide for termination payments if the client terminates the contract without cause.  Typically, however, these penalties do not offset the revenue we could have earned under the contract or the costs we may incur as a result of its termination.  The loss or termination of a large contract or the loss of multiple contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations or cash flow.  Our Sales Services contracts include standard mutual representations and warranties as well as mutual confidentiality and indemnification provisions, including product liability indemnification from our clients to us.  These contracts, which include the Sales Services contracts with our significant customers, may also contain performance benchmarks, such as a minimum amount of detailing activity to a certain physician targets within a specified amount of time, and our failure to meet these stated benchmarks may result in specific financial penalties for us.  Certain contracts may also include incentive payments that can be earned if our activities generate results that meet or exceed agreed-upon performance targets.
 
Marketing Services
 
Our marketing services contracts generally take the form of either master service agreements with a term of one to three years, or contracts specifically related to particular projects with terms for the duration of the project, typically lasting from two to six months.  These contracts include standard representations and warranties as well as confidentiality and indemnification obligations and are generally terminable by the customer for any reason.  Upon termination, the customer is generally responsible for payment for all work completed to date, plus the cost of any nonrefundable commitments made by us on behalf of the customer.  There is significant customer concentration in our Pharmakon business, and the loss or termination of one or more of Pharmakon’s large master service agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.  Due to the typical
 

 
7
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

size of most of TVG’s contracts, it is unlikely the loss or termination of any individual TVG contract would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flow.
 
Product Commercialization
 
In April 2008, we entered into our first contract under our product commercialization initiative with Novartis.  See Note 1 and Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements as well as “Part I – Item 1A – Risk Factors” of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding the terms of this contract.  As of December 31, 2008, we made expenditures of approximately $12.3 million in connection with our sales force activities and promotion of the product.  To date, we have not achieved the required sales levels necessary to receive revenue under our promotion agreement with Novartis.  We do not currently anticipate that we will achieve the required sales levels necessary to generate sufficient revenue to recover the costs we have incurred and will continue to incur in connection with this promotional program during the current term of the contract.  We currently intend to terminate this contract at the early termination date for this contract, which is no sooner than February 1, 2010 provided that sales of the product remain below certain pre-determined thresholds.  At December 31, 2008, we have accrued a loss of $10.3 million for this contract, which represents the anticipated future loss expected to be incurred by us in order to fulfill our minimum contractual obligations under the contract until February 1, 2010.
 
As we re-evaluate this strategic initiative in conjunction with the appointment of Ms. Lurker as our new chief executive officer, we are not actively pursuing any additional product commercialization opportunities at this time although we will continue to evaluate potential opportunities within this segment on a very selective and opportunistic basis to the extent we are able to mitigate certain risks relating to the investment of our resources.  To the extent that we enter into any additional product commercialization arrangements in the future, we expect that these contracts will typically be multi-year arrangements with limited termination rights in which we are responsible for the sales force and potentially other marketing costs relating to the promotion of the pharmaceutical product.  We currently expect that we will receive revenues under the agreement only if and when product sales or prescriptions exceed certain pre-determined thresholds.  We also expect that these contracts will likely involve significant upfront investment of our resources with no guaranteed return on investment and are likely to generate losses during the initial periods of the contract as program ramp up occurs.
 
Significant Customers
 
We have historically experienced a high degree of customer concentration in our businesses.  Our three largest customers in 2008 were Pfizer Inc., F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG and Abbott Laboratories, which accounted for approximately 28.2%, 13.6% and 10.7%, respectively, or approximately 52.5% in the aggregate, of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2008.  One of these largest customers terminated a significant sales force program effective September 30, 2008 due to generic competition.  This sales force program accounted for approximately 9.5% of our revenue during 2008.
 
Marketing
 
Our marketing efforts target established and emerging companies in the biopharmaceutical and life sciences industries.  Our marketing efforts are designed to reach the senior sales, marketing, and business development personnel within these companies, with the goal of informing them of the services we offer and the value we can bring to their products.  Our tactical plan usually includes advertising in trade publications, direct mail campaigns, presence at industry seminars and conferences and a direct selling effort.  We have a dedicated team of business development specialists who work within our business units to identify needs and opportunities within the biopharmaceutical and life sciences industries that we can address. We review possible business opportunities as identified by our business development team and develop a customized strategy and solution for each attractive business opportunity.
 
Competition
 
With respect to our sales services segment, we compete with our customers’ ability to manage their needs internally.  In addition, a small number of providers comprise the market for outsourced pharmaceutical sales teams, and we believe that PDI, inVentiv Health Inc., Innovex Inc. and Publicis Groupe SA combined accounted for the majority of the U.S. outsourced sales team market share in 2008.  Our marketing services segment operates in a highly fragmented and competitive market.
 

 
8
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

There are relatively few barriers to entry into the businesses in which we operate and, as the industry continues to evolve, new competitors are likely to emerge. We compete on the basis of such factors as reputation, service quality, management experience, performance record, customer satisfaction, ability to respond to specific customer needs, integration skills and price.  Increased competition and/or a decrease in demand for our services may also lead to other forms of competition.  While we believe we compete effectively with respect to each of these factors, most of our current and potential competitors are larger than we are and have substantially greater capital, personnel and other resources than we have.  Increased competition may lead to pricing pressures and competitive practices that could have a material adverse effect on our market share, our ability to source new business opportunities as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Employees
 
As of February 28, 2009, we had approximately 1,100 employees, including approximately 550 full-time employees.  Approximately 85% of our employees are field sales representatives and sales managers.  We are not party to a collective bargaining agreement with any labor union.  We believe our relationship with our employees is generally positive.
 
Available Information
 
Our website address is www.pdi-inc.com.  We are not including the information contained on our website as part of, or incorporating it by reference into, this Form 10-K.  We make available free of charge through our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC.
 
The public may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.  The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants such as us that file electronically with the SEC. The website address is www.sec.gov.
 
Government and Industry Regulation
 
The healthcare sector is heavily regulated by both government and industry. Various laws, regulations and guidelines established by government, industry and professional bodies affect, among other matters, the approval, provision, licensing, labeling, marketing, promotion, price, sale and reimbursement of healthcare services and products, including pharmaceutical products.  The federal government has extensive enforcement powers over the activities of pharmaceutical manufacturers, including authority to withdraw product approvals, commence actions to seize and prohibit the sale of unapproved or non-complying products, to halt manufacturing operations that are not in compliance with good manufacturing practices, and to impose or seek injunctions, voluntary recalls, and civil, monetary, and criminal penalties.
 
The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as supplemented by various other statutes, regulates, among other matters, the approval, labeling, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution of drugs, including the practice of providing product samples to physicians. Under this statute, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates all promotional activities involving prescription drugs.  The distribution of pharmaceutical products is also governed by the Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA), which regulates promotional activities at both the federal and state level.  The PDMA imposes extensive licensing, personnel record keeping, packaging, quantity, labeling, product handling and facility storage and security requirements intended to prevent the sale of pharmaceutical product samples or other diversions.  Under the PDMA and its implementing regulations, states are permitted to require registration of manufacturers and distributors who provide pharmaceutical products even if such manufacturers or distributors have no place of business within the state.  States are also permitted to adopt regulations limiting the distribution of product samples to licensed practitioners and require extensive record keeping and labeling of such samples for tracing purposes.  The sale or distribution of pharmaceutical products is also governed by the Federal Trade Commission Act.
 
Some of the services that we currently perform or that we may provide in the future may also be affected by various guidelines established by industry and professional organizations. For example, ethical guidelines established by the American Medical Association (AMA) govern, among other matters, the receipt by physicians of gifts from health-related entities. These guidelines govern honoraria and other items of economic value that AMA member physicians may receive, directly or indirectly, from pharmaceutical companies. Similar guidelines and policies have been adopted by other professional and industry organizations, such as Pharmaceutical Research and
 

 
9
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 
 
Manufacturers of America, an industry trade group.  In addition, the Office of the Inspector General has also issued guidance for pharmaceutical manufacturers and the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education has issued guidelines for providers of continuing medical education.
 
There are also numerous federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse as well as increased scrutiny regarding the off-label promotion and marketing of pharmaceutical products and devices. In particular, certain federal and state laws prohibit manufacturers, suppliers and providers from offering, giving or receiving kickbacks or other remuneration in connection with ordering or recommending the purchase or rental of healthcare items and services. The federal anti-kickback statute imposes both civil and criminal penalties for, among other things, offering or paying any remuneration to induce someone to refer patients to, or to purchase, lease or order (or arrange for or recommend the purchase, lease or order of) any item or service for which payment may be made by Medicare or other federally-funded state healthcare programs (e.g., Medicaid). This statute also prohibits soliciting or receiving any remuneration in exchange for engaging in any of these activities. The prohibition applies whether the remuneration is provided directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind. Violations of the statute can result in numerous sanctions, including criminal fines, imprisonment and exclusion from participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs.  Several states also have referral, fee splitting and other similar laws that may restrict the payment or receipt of remuneration in connection with the purchase or rental of medical equipment and supplies. State laws vary in scope and have been infrequently interpreted by courts and regulatory agencies, but may apply to all healthcare items or services, regardless of whether Medicare or Medicaid funds are involved.
 
 
ITEM 1A.                      RISK FACTORS
 
In addition to the other information provided in this Form 10-K, you should carefully consider the following factors in evaluating our business, operations and financial condition.  Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, which we currently deem immaterial or that are similar to those faced by other companies in our industry or businesses in general, such as competitive conditions, may also impair our business operations.  The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
 
The current worldwide economic and financial crisis may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
The current global financial crisis involves, among other things, significant reductions in available capital and liquidity from banks and other providers of credit, substantial reductions and/or fluctuations in equity and currency values worldwide and concerns that the U.S. and global economy have entered into a prolonged recessionary period.  Sustained downturns in the economy generally affect the markets in which we operate.  If our customers’ access to capital or willingness to make expenditures is curtailed as a result of the current economic and financial crisis, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.  For example, certain customers within our marketing services business segment have recently delayed the implementation or reduced the scope of a number of marketing initiatives.  In addition, economic conditions could affect the financial strength of our vendors and their ability to fulfill their commitments to us, and could also affect the financial strength of our customers and our ability to collect accounts receivable.  Recent disruptions in the credit markets may also negatively impact our ability to obtain additional sources of financing.  The potential effects of the current economic and financial crisis are difficult to forecast and mitigate and are likely to continue to have a significant adverse impact on our customers, vendors and our business for the next several years.
 
Changes in outsourcing trends in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Our business depends in large part on demand from the pharmaceutical and life sciences industries for outsourced marketing and sales services.  The practice of many companies in these industries has been to hire outside organizations like PDI to conduct large sales and marketing projects on their behalf.  However, companies may elect to perform these services internally for a variety of reasons, including the rate of new product development and FDA approval of those products, the number of sales representatives employed internally in relation to demand, the need to promote new and existing products, and competition from other suppliers.  Recently, there has been a slow-down in the rate of approval of new products by the FDA and this trend may continue. Additionally, several large pharmaceutical companies have recently made changes to their commercial model by reducing the number of sales representatives employed internally and through outside organizations like PDI.  If the pharmaceutical and life sciences industries reduce their tendency to outsource these projects, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
 

 
10
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 
 
If companies in the life sciences industries significantly reduce their promotional, marketing and sales expenditures or significantly reduce or eliminate the role of pharmaceutical sales representatives in the promotion of their products, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.
 
    Our revenues depend on promotional, marketing and sales expenditures by companies in the life sciences industries, including the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.  Promotional, marketing and sales expenditures by pharmaceutical manufacturers have in the past been, and could in the future be, negatively impacted by, among other things, governmental reform or private market initiatives intended to reduce the cost of pharmaceutical products or by governmental, medical association or pharmaceutical industry initiatives designed to regulate the manner in which pharmaceutical manufacturers promote their products as well as the high level of patent expiration and related introduction of generic versions of branded medicine within the industry.  Furthermore, the trend in the life sciences industries toward consolidation may result in a reduction in overall sales and marketing expenditures and, potentially, a reduction in the use of contract sales and marketing services providers.  This reduction in demand for outsourced pharmaceutical sales and marketing services could be further exacerbated by the current economic and financial crisis occurring in the United States and worldwide. If companies in the life sciences industries significantly reduce their promotional, marketing and sales expenditures or significantly reduce or eliminate the role of pharmaceutical sales representatives in the promotion of their products, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.
 
Our service contracts are generally short-term agreements and are cancelable at any time, which may result in lost revenue and additional costs and expenses.
 
Our service contracts are generally for a term of one to two years (certain of our operating entities have contracts of shorter duration) and many may be terminated by the customer at any time for any reason.  In addition, many of our customers may internalize the contracted sales teams we provide under the terms of the contract or otherwise significantly reduce the number of representatives we deploy on their behalf.  The early termination or significant reduction of a contract by one of our customers not only results in lost revenue, but also typically causes us to incur additional costs and expenses.  All of our sales representatives are employees rather than independent contractors. Accordingly, when a contract is significantly reduced or terminated, unless we can immediately transfer the related sales force to a new program, if permitted under the contract, we must either continue to compensate those employees, without realizing any related revenue, or terminate their employment. If we terminate their employment, we may incur significant expenses relating to their termination.  The loss, termination or significant reduction of a large contract or the loss of multiple contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Most of our revenue is derived from a limited number of customers, the loss of any one of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
 
Our revenue and profitability depend to a great extent on our relationships with a limited number of large pharmaceutical companies. As of December 31, 2008, our three largest customers accounted for approximately 28.2%, 13.6%, and 10.7%, respectively, or approximately 52.5% in the aggregate, of our revenue for 2008.  For the year ended December 31, 2007, our three largest customers accounted for approximately 13.7%, 12.9% and 11.3% respectively, or approximately 37.9% in the aggregate, of our revenue for 2007.  For the year ended December 31, 2006, our three largest customers accounted for 28.5%, 18.3% and 9.9%, respectively, or approximately 56.7% in the aggregate, of our revenue.  We are likely to continue to experience a high degree of customer concentration, particularly if there is further consolidation within the pharmaceutical industry.
 
In order to increase our revenues, we will need to attract additional significant customers on an ongoing basis.  Our failure to attract a sufficient number of such customers during a particular period, or our inability to replace the loss of or significant reduction in business from a major customer would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.  For example, during 2006 and 2007, we announced the termination and expiration of a number of significant service contracts, including our sales force engagements with AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), sanofi-aventis and another large pharmaceutical company customer.  These four customers accounted for approximately $150.9 million in revenue during 2006 and $15.9 million in revenue during 2007.  In addition, another client terminated a significant sales force program effective September 30, 2008 due to generic competition.  This sales force program accounted for 9.5% of our revenue during 2008.
 

 
11
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

We have incurred and expect to continue to incur substantial losses in connection with the product commercialization initiative we entered into with Novartis in April 2008.  If we are unable to generate sufficient revenue from any future product commercialization opportunities that we may pursue to offset the costs and expenses associated with implementing and maintaining these types of programs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
 
In April 2008, we entered into our first contract under our product commercialization initiative with Novartis.  See Note 1 and Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements as well as “Part I – Item 1A – Risk Factors” of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding the terms of this contract.  As of December 31, 2008, we made expenditures of approximately $12.3 million in connection with our sales force activities and promotion of the product.  To date, we have not achieved the required sales levels necessary to receive revenue under our promotion agreement with Novartis.  We do not currently anticipate that we will achieve the required sales levels necessary to generate sufficient revenue to recover the costs we have incurred and will continue to incur in connection with this promotional program during the current term of the contract.  We currently intend to terminate this contract at the early termination date for this contract, which is no sooner than February 1, 2010 provided that sales of the product remain below certain pre-determined thresholds.  At December 31, 2008, we have accrued a loss of $10.3 million for this contract, which represents the anticipated future loss expected to be incurred by us in order to fulfill our minimum contractual obligations under the contract until February 1, 2010.
 
While we are not actively pursuing any additional product commercialization opportunities at this time, we will continue to evaluate potential opportunities within this segment on a very selective and opportunistic basis.  To the extent we enter into any additional product commercialization arrangements in the future, these types of arrangements will likely require us to make a significant upfront investment of our resources and are likely to generate losses in the early stages as program ramp up occurs.  In addition, any compensation we will receive is expected to be dependent on sales of the product, and in certain arrangements, including our arrangement with Novartis, we will not receive any compensation unless product sales exceed certain thresholds.  There can be no assurance that our promotional activities will generate sufficient product sales for these arrangements to be profitable for us.  In addition, there are a number of factors that could negatively impact product sales during the term of a product commercialization contract, many of which are beyond our control, including the level of promotional response to the product,  withdrawal of the product from the market, the launch of a therapeutically equivalent generic version of the product, the introduction of a competing product, loss of managed care covered lives, a significant disruption in the manufacture or supply of the product as well as other significant events that could affect sales of the product or the prescription market for the product.  Therefore, the revenue we receive, if any, from product sales under these types of arrangements may not be sufficient to offset the costs incurred by us implementing and maintaining these programs.  Our arrangement with Novartis requires, and any future product commercialization arrangements we may enter into may also require, that we make a certain amount of expenditures in connection with our promotional activities for the product, regardless of whether sufficient product sales are achieved in order for us to generate revenue, and there are limited opportunities for us to terminate this arrangement prior to its scheduled expiration.  In addition, if any contractual product commercialization arrangement we enter into was to be terminated by our customer prior to its scheduled expiration, our expected revenue and profitability could be materially and adversely affected due to our significant upfront investment of sales force and other promotional resources during the ramp up period for these types of programs.
 
If we do not meet performance goals established in our incentive-based arrangements with customers, our revenue could be materially and adversely affected.
 
We have entered into a number of incentive-based arrangements with our pharmaceutical company customers. Under incentive-based arrangements, we are typically paid a lower fixed fee and, in addition, have an opportunity to earn additional compensation upon achieving specific performance metrics with respect to the products being detailed.  Typically, these performance metrics relate to targeted sales or prescription volumes, sales force performance metrics or a combination thereof.  These types of arrangements transfer some market risk from our customers to us. In addition, these arrangements can result in variability in our incentive-based earnings (and therefore our revenue) due to seasonality of product usage, changes in market share, new product introductions (including the introduction of competing generic products into the market), overall promotional efforts and other market related factors.  If we are unable to meet the performance goals established in our incentive-based arrangements, our revenue could be materially and adversely affected.
 
Additionally, certain of our service contracts may contain penalty provisions pursuant to which our fixed fees may be significantly reduced if we do not meet certain minimum performance metrics, which may include number and timing of sales calls, physician reach, territory vacancies and/or sales representative turnover.
 

 
12
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

Our industry is highly competitive and our failure to address competitive developments promptly will limit our ability to retain and increase our market share.
 
Our primary competitors for sales and marketing services include in-house sales and marketing departments of pharmaceutical companies, other CSOs and providers of marketing and related services, including marketing research providers.  There are relatively few barriers to entry in the businesses in which we compete and, as the industry continues to evolve, new competitors are likely to emerge. Most of our current and potential competitors are larger than we are and have substantially greater capital, personnel and other resources than we have.  Increased competition may lead to pricing pressures and competitive practices that could have a material adverse effect on our market share, our ability to source new business opportunities as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
We may require additional funds in order to implement our business model.
 
We may require additional funds in order to pursue certain business opportunities or meet future operating requirements, develop incremental marketing and sales capabilities; and/or acquire other services businesses.  We may seek additional funding through public or private equity or debt financing or other arrangements with collaborative partners.  Our ability to secure any future debt financing on favorable terms or at all may be materially and adversely affected by the current credit market turmoil.  In addition, any debt financing arrangements that we enter into may require us to comply with specified financial ratios, including ratios regarding interest coverage, total leverage, senior secured leverage and fixed charge coverage.  Our ability to comply with these ratios may be affected by events beyond our control.  If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, further dilution to existing stockholders may result.  As a condition to providing us with additional funds, future investors may demand, and may be granted, rights superior to those of existing stockholders.  We cannot be certain, however, that additional financing will be available from any of these sources or, if available, will be available on acceptable or affordable terms.  If adequate additional funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more of our strategic initiatives.
 
Due to the expiration and termination of several significant contracts during 2006, 2007 and 2008, our historical revenue and results of operations cannot be relied upon as representative of the revenue and results of operations that we may achieve in 2009 and future periods.
 
As noted above, during 2006 and the first half of 2007, we experienced the expiration and termination of several significant contracts, including termination of our AstraZeneca contract sales force agreement effective as of April 30, 2006, the termination of our contract sales force agreement with sanofi-aventis effective as of December 1, 2006, the expiration of our contract sales force agreement with GSK on December 31, 2006 and the expiration of our contract sales force agreement with a large pharmaceutical company customer on May 12, 2007.  These four customers accounted for an aggregate of approximately $150.9 million of revenue during 2006 and $15.9 million of revenue during 2007.  In addition, another significant sales force program was terminated which accounted for approximately $10.7 million of revenue during 2008.  Unless and until we generate sufficient new business to offset the loss of these contracts, our financial results for previous periods will not be duplicated in future periods, and future revenue and cash flows from operations will be significantly less than in previous periods.  In addition, in connection with the accrued loss on our product commercialization contract we currently expect a significant decrease in our cash and cash equivalents in 2009.
 
Our liquidity, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected if the financial institutions which hold our funds fail.
 
We have substantial funds held in bank deposits, money market funds and other accounts at certain financial institutions.  A significant portion of the funds held in these accounts exceeds the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s insurance limits.  If any of the financial institutions where we have deposited funds were to fail, we may lose some or all of our deposited funds that exceed the insurance coverage limit. Such a loss would have a material and adverse effect on our liquidity, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
 
Our business may suffer if we fail to attract and retain qualified sales representatives.
 
The success and growth of our business depends in large part on our ability to attract and retain qualified pharmaceutical sales representatives.  There is intense competition for pharmaceutical sales representatives from CSOs and pharmaceutical companies.  On occasion, our customers have hired the sales representatives that we trained to detail their products. We cannot assure you that we will continue to attract and retain qualified personnel.  If we cannot attract and retain qualified sales personnel, we will not be able to maintain or expand our sales services business and our ability to perform under our existing sales force contracts will be impaired.
 

 
13
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

Product liability claims could harm our business.
 
We could face substantial product liability claims in the event any of the pharmaceutical or other products we have previously marketed or market now or may in the future market is alleged to cause negative reactions or adverse side effects or in the event any of these products causes injury, is alleged to be unsuitable for its intended purpose or is alleged to be otherwise defective.  For example, we have been named as a defendant in numerous lawsuits as a result of our detailing of Baycolâ on behalf of Bayer Corporation (Bayer).  Product liability claims, regardless of their merits, could be costly and divert management's attention from our business operations, or adversely affect our reputation and the demand for our services.  While we rely on contractual indemnification provisions with our customers to protect us against certain product liability related claims, we cannot assure you that these provisions will be fully enforceable or that they will provide adequate protection against claims intended to be covered.  We currently have product liability insurance in the aggregate amount of $5.0 million but cannot ensure that our insurance will be sufficient to cover fully all potential claims.  Also, adequate insurance coverage might not be available in the future at acceptable costs, if at all.
 
If we do not increase our revenues and successfully manage the size of our operations, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
 
The majority of our operating expenses are personnel-related costs such as employee compensation and benefits as well as the cost of infrastructure to support our operations, including facility space and equipment.  We recently instituted a number of cost-saving initiatives, including a reduction in employee headcount.  In addition, we are currently seeking to sublet unused office space in our Saddle River, New Jersey and Dresher, Pennsylvania facilities, although there is no guarantee that we will be able to successfully sublet this unused office space, particularly in light of the current economic and financial crisis.  If we are unable to achieve revenue growth in the future or fail to adjust our cost infrastructure to the appropriate level to support our revenues, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
 
Our business may suffer if we are unable to hire and retain key management personnel to fill critical vacancies.
 
The success of our business also depends on our ability to attract and retain qualified senior management who are in high demand and who often have competitive employment options. We are currently conducting a search for a President of our Sales Services business segment.  Our failure to attract and retain qualified individuals could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
 
Changes in governmental regulation could negatively impact our business operations.
 
The pharmaceutical and life sciences industries are subject to a high degree of governmental regulation.  Significant changes in these regulations affecting the services we provide, including pharmaceutical product promotional and marketing research services and physician interaction programs, could result in the imposition of additional restrictions on these types of activities, impose additional costs on us in providing these services to our customers or otherwise negatively impact our business operations.  In addition, changes in governmental regulations mandating price controls and limitations on patient access to our customers’ products could reduce, eliminate or otherwise negatively impact our customers’ utilization of our sales and marketing services.
 
Our failure, or that of our customers, to comply with applicable healthcare regulations could limit, prohibit or otherwise adversely impact our business activities.
 
Various laws, regulations and guidelines established by government, industry and professional bodies affect, among other matters, the provision, licensing, labeling, marketing, promotion, sale and distribution of healthcare services and products, including pharmaceutical products. In particular, the healthcare industry is governed by various federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, including prohibitions on the payment or acceptance of kickbacks or other remuneration in return for the purchase or lease of products that are paid for by Medicare or Medicaid. Sanctions for violating these laws include civil and criminal fines and penalties and possible exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other federal or state healthcare programs. Although we believe our current business arrangements do not violate these federal and state fraud and abuse laws, we cannot assure you that our business practices will not be challenged under these laws in the future or that a challenge would not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our failure, or the failure of our customers, to comply with these laws, regulations and guidelines, or any change in these laws, regulations and guidelines may, among other things, limit or prohibit our or our customers’ current or business activities, subject us or our customers to adverse publicity, increase the cost of regulatory compliance and insurance coverage or subject us or our customers to monetary fines or other sanctions or penalties.
 

 
14
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 
 
We may experience impairment charges of our goodwill and other intangible assets.
 
   Under Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 142, we are required to evaluate goodwill for impairment at least annually.  If we determine that the fair value is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss will be recorded in our statement of operations.  The determination of fair value is a highly subjective exercise and can produce significantly different results based on the assumptions used and methodologies employed.  If our projected long-term sales growth rate, profit margins or terminal rate are considerably lower and/or the assumed weighted average cost of capital is considerably higher, future testing may indicate impairment and we would have to record a non-cash goodwill impairment loss in our statement of operations.
 
If our insurance and self-insurance reserves are insufficient to cover our future liabilities for workers compensation, automobile and general liability and employee health care benefits, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
 
We use a combination of insurance and self-insurance to provide for potential liabilities for workers’ compensation, automobile and general liability and employee health care benefits.  Although we have reserved for these liabilities not covered by insurance, our reserves are only an estimate based on actuarial data, as well as on historical trends, and any projection of these losses is subject to a high degree of variability and we may not be able to accurately predict the number or value of the claims that occur in the future.  In the event that our actual liability exceeds our reserves for any given period, or if we are unable to control rapidly increasing health care costs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
 
If our information technology and communications systems fail or we experience a significant interruption in their operation, our reputation, business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
 
The efficient operation of our business is dependent on our information technology and communications systems.  The failure of these systems to operate as anticipated could disrupt our business and result in decreased revenue and increased overhead costs.  In addition, we do not have complete redundancy for all of our systems and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities.  Our information technology and communications systems, including the information technology systems and services that are maintained by third party vendors, are vulnerable to damage or interruption from natural disasters, fire, terrorist attacks, malicious attacks by computer viruses or hackers, power loss or failure of computer systems, Internet, telecommunications or data networks.  If these systems or services become unavailable or suffer a security breach, we may expend significant resources to address these problems, and our reputation, business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
 
We may make acquisitions in the future which may lead to disruptions to our ongoing business.
 
Historically, we have made a number of acquisitions, and we may pursue new acquisition opportunities in the future.  If we are unable to successfully integrate an acquired company, the acquisition could lead to disruptions to our business.  The success of an acquisition will depend upon, among other things, our ability to:
 
 
·
assimilate the operations and services or products of the acquired company;
 
·
integrate new personnel associated with the acquisition;
 
·
retain and motivate key employees;
 
·
retain customers; and
 
·
minimize the diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns.
 
In the event that the operations of an acquired business do not meet our performance expectations, we may have to restructure the acquired business or write-off the value of some or all of the assets of the acquired business, including goodwill and other intangible assets identified at time of acquisition.
 
In addition, the current market for acquisition targets in our industry is extremely competitive, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully identify, bid for and complete acquisitions necessary or desirable to achieve our goals.
 
Our quarterly revenues and operating results may vary, which may cause the price of our common stock to fluctuate.
 
Our quarterly operating results may vary as a result of a number of factors, including:
 
 
·
the commencement, delay, cancellation or completion of sales and marketing programs;
 
·
regulatory developments;

 
15
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

 
·
uncertainty about when, if at all, revenue from any product commercialization arrangements and/or other incentive-based arrangements with our customers will be recognized;
  · mix of services provided and/or mix of programs during the period;
  · timing and amount of expenses for implementing new programs and accuracy of estimates of resources required for ongoing programs;
 
·
timing and integration of any acquisitions;
 
·
changes in regulations related to pharmaceutical companies; and
 
·
general economic conditions, including the current economic and financial crisis.
 
In addition, in the case of revenue related to service contracts, we recognize revenue as services are performed, while program costs, other than training costs, are expensed as incurred.  For all contracts, training costs are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the life of the contract to which they relate or 12 months.  As a result, during the first two to three months of a new contract, we may incur substantial expenses associated with implementing that new program without recognizing any revenue under that contract. In addition, if we pursue additional product commercialization opportunities, we will incur similar implementation expenses and likely will not be able to recognize revenue from the contract, if any, for an even greater period of time after commencement of these types of programs.  This could have a material adverse impact on our operating results and the price of our common stock for the quarters in which these expenses are incurred.  For these and other reasons, we believe that quarterly comparisons of our financial results are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Fluctuations in quarterly results could materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock in a manner unrelated to our long-term operating performance.
 
Our stock price is volatile and could be further affected by events not within our control, and an investment in our common stock could suffer a decline in value.
 
The market for our common stock is volatile.  In 2008, our stock traded at a low of $3.10 and a high of $9.40.  During 2007, our stock traded at a low of $8.56 and a high of $12.40.    The trading price of our common stock has been and will continue to be subject to:
 
·
volatility in the trading markets generally, including volatility associated with the current economic and financial crisis in the United States and worldwide;
 
·
significant fluctuations in our quarterly operating results;
 
·
significant changes in our cash and cash equivalent reserves;
 
·
announcements regarding our business or the business of our competitors;
 
·
strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;
 
·
industry and/or  regulatory developments;
 
·
changes in revenue mix;
 
·
changes in revenue and revenue growth rates for us and for our industry as a whole;
 
·
changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles; and
 
·
statements or changes in opinions, ratings or earnings estimates made by brokerage firms or industry analysts relating to the markets in which we operate or expect to operate.
 
Our controlling stockholder continues to have effective control of us, which could delay or prevent a change in corporate control that may otherwise be beneficial to our stockholders.
 
John P. Dugan, our chairman, beneficially owns approximately 34% of our outstanding common stock.  As a result, Mr. Dugan is able to exercise substantial control over the election of all of our directors and to determine the outcome of most corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including a merger with or into another company, the sale of all or substantially all of our assets and amendments to our certificate of incorporation.  This ownership concentration will limit our stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters and, as a result, we may take actions that other stockholders do not view as beneficial, which may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
 

 
16
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

We have anti-takeover defenses that could delay or prevent an acquisition and could adversely affect the price of our common stock.
 
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions, such as providing for three classes of directors, which may make it more difficult to remove our directors and management and may adversely affect the price of our common stock. In addition, our certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock.  This provision could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a future takeover or a change in control, unless the takeover or change in control is approved by our board of directors.  We are also subject to laws that may have a similar effect. For example, section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware prohibits us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years from the date the person became an interested stockholder unless certain conditions are met.  As a result of the foregoing, it will be difficult for another company to acquire us and, therefore, could limit the price that possible investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. In addition, the rights of our common stockholders will be subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of holders of any class or series of preferred stock that may be issued in the future.
 
 
ITEM 1B.
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
 
None.
 
 
ITEM 2.
PROPERTIES
 
Our corporate headquarters are located in Saddle River, New Jersey where we lease approximately 84,000 square feet.  The lease runs for a term of approximately 12 years, which began in July 2004.  We entered into a sublease for approximately 16,000 square feet of space in our Saddle River facility for a term of five years which began in July 2005.  The sublease allows the subtenant to renew for an additional term of two years.  In July 2007, we entered into an additional sublease for approximately 20,000 square feet of space in our Saddle River facility for the remaining term of our lease.  TVG operates out of a 37,000 square foot facility in Dresher, Pennsylvania under a lease that runs for a term of approximately 12 years, which began in December 2004.  TVG entered into two subleases in August and October of 2007, each for terms of five years, and are approximately 3,000 and 4,700 square feet, respectively.  Pharmakon operates out of a 6,700 square foot facility in Schaumburg, Illinois under a lease that expires in February 2010.  We believe that our current facilities are adequate for our current and foreseeable operations and that suitable additional space will be available if needed.
 
In 2008 we had approximately $0.1 million in charges related to unused office space at our Dresher location.  In 2007, we had approximately $1.0 million of net charges related to unused office space capacity and asset impairments related to the vacated space at both locations.  In 2006, we had net charges of approximately $657,000 related to unused office space capacity at our Saddle River, New Jersey and Dresher, Pennsylvania locations and $1.3 million in asset impairment charges for leasehold improvements and furniture and fixtures associated with the unused office space at those facilities.  There is approximately 4,100 square feet of unused office space at Dresher that we are seeking to sublease in 2009 and we are also seeking to sublease certain unused office space in our Saddle River facility.  There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to successfully sublet unused office space, on favorable terms or at all, particularly in light of the current economic and financial crisis.
 
ITEM 3.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 
Bayer-Baycol Litigation
 
We have been named as a defendant in numerous lawsuits, including two class action matters, alleging claims arising from the use of Baycol, a prescription cholesterol-lowering medication.  Baycol was distributed, promoted and sold by Bayer in the United States until early August 2001, at which time Bayer voluntarily withdrew Baycol from the U.S. market.  Bayer had retained certain companies, such as PDI, to provide detailing services on its behalf pursuant to contract sales force agreements.  We may be named in additional similar lawsuits.  To date, we have defended these actions vigorously and have asserted a contractual right of defense and indemnification against Bayer for all costs and expenses we incur relating to these proceedings.  In February 2003, we entered into a joint defense and indemnification agreement with Bayer, pursuant to which Bayer has agreed to assume substantially all of our defense costs in pending and prospective proceedings and to indemnify us in these lawsuits, subject to certain limited exceptions.  Further, Bayer agreed to reimburse us for all reasonable costs and expenses incurred through such date in defending these proceedings.  As of December 31, 2008, Bayer has reimbursed us for approximately $1.6 million in legal expenses, the majority of which was received in 2003 and was reflected as a credit within selling, general and administrative expense.  We did not incur any costs or expenses relating to these matters during 2006, 2007 or 2008.
 

 
17
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 
 
Other Legal Proceedings
 
We are currently a party to other legal proceedings incidental to our business.  As required, we have accrued our estimate of the probable costs for the resolution of these claims. While management currently believes that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties.  If we were to settle a proceeding for a material amount or if an unfavorable ruling were to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.  Legal fees are expensed as incurred.
 
 
ITEM 4.
SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
 
None.
 
 
PART II
 
ITEM 5.
MARKET FOR OUR COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
  AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
 
Market Information
 
Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “PDII.”  The price range per share of common stock presented below represents the highest and lowest sales price for our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market for the last two years by quarter:


   
2008
    
2007
  
   
HIGH
    
LOW
    
HIGH
    
LOW
  
First quarter
   $ 9.40     $ 7.01     $ 10.98     $ 9.21  
Second quarter
   $ 9.15     $ 7.61     $ 11.28     $ 9.00  
Third quarter
   $ 9.23     $ 7.22     $ 12.40     $ 9.09  
Fourth quarter
   $ 7.80     $ 3.10     $ 10.68     $ 8.56  


Holders
 
We had 326 stockholders of record as of March 3, 2009.  Not reflected in the number of record holders are persons who beneficially own shares of common stock held in nominee or street name.
 
Dividends
 
We have not declared any cash dividends and do not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.  Future earnings, if any, will be used to finance the future operation and growth of our business.
 
Securities Authorized For Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
 
We have in effect a number of stock-based incentive and benefit programs designed to attract and retain qualified directors, executives and management personnel.  All equity compensation plans have been approved by security holders.  The following table sets forth certain information with respect to our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2008:

 
18
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 



Plan Category
  
Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights
  
Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights
  
Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
  
   
(a)
    
(b)
    
(c)
  
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (2004 Stock Award and Incentive Plan, 2000 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan, and 1998 Stock Option Plan)
     304,531     $ 23.48       1,208,697  
                         
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders (1)
     -       -       -  
Total
     304,531     $ 23.48       1,208,697  
                         
(1) Excludes restricted stock, restricted stock units and stock-settled stock appreciation rights.
  


 
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 
From time to time, we repurchase our common stock on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions or both.  On November 7, 2006, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase up to one million shares of our common stock, none of which have been repurchased.  We did not repurchase any shares of our common stock on the open market during 2007 or 2008.  Any future purchases of shares will be made from available cash.
 
Comparative Stock Performance Graph
 
       The graph below compares the yearly percentage change in the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock, based on the market price of our common stock, with the total return of companies included within the Nasdaq Composite Index for the period commencing December 31, 2003 and ending December 31, 2008.  The calculation of total cumulative return assumes a $100 investment in our common stock and the Nasdaq Composite Index on December 31, 2003, and the reinvestment of all dividends.
 
            PDI PERFORMANCE GRAPH
 
19
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

ITEM 6.
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
 
The selected financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.  The operations data for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006 and the balance sheet data at December 31, 2008 and 2007 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.  The operations data for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 and the balance sheet data at December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this Form 10-K.  The historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in any future period.  No cash dividends have been declared for any period.


 
2008
    
2007
    
2006
    
2005
    
2004
  
Continuing operations data:
                              
Total revenues, net
   $ 112,528     $ 117,131     $ 239,242     $ 305,205     $ 345,797 (7)
Gross profit
     4,513 (1)     31,615       55,844       52,402       92,633  
                                         
Operating expenses
     40,917 (2)     45,853 (3)     49,931 (4)     65,064 (5)     58,554  
Asset impairment
     23       42       -       6,178 (6)     -  
Total operating expenses
     40,940       45,895       49,931       71,242       58,554  
                                         
(Loss) income from
                                        
continuing operations
   $ (34,461)     $ (9,974)     $ 11,375     $ (11,407)     $ 20,435  
                                         
Per share data from continuing operations:
                                  
(Loss) income per share of common stock
                                  
Basic
   $ (2.46)     $ (0.72)     $ 0.82     $ (0.80)     $ 1.40  
Diluted
   $ (2.46)     $ (0.72)     $ 0.81     $ (0.80)     $ 1.37  
                                         
Weighted average number of shares outstanding:
                                  
Basic
     14,012       13,940       13,859       14,232       14,564  
Diluted
     14,012       13,940       13,994       14,232       14,893  
                                         
Balance sheet data:
                                        
Cash and short-term investments
   $ 90,233     $ 106,985     $ 114,684     $ 97,634     $ 109,498  
Working capital
     81,639       110,739       112,186       92,264       96,156  
Total assets
     149,036       179,554       201,636       200,159       224,705  
Total long-term debt
     -       -       -       -       -  
Stockholders' equity
     107,107       140,189       149,197       135,610       165,425  
 
________________
 
(1)
Includes $10.3 million in charges related to an accrued contract loss.  See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for more details.
 
(2)
Includes $1.2 million in charges for executive severance costs and $0.1 million in facilities realignment costs.  See Notes 15 and 16 to the consolidated financial statements for more details.
 
(3)
Includes $1.0 million in charges for facilities realignment costs.  See Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements for more details.
 
(4)
Includes $4.0 million in credits to legal expense related to the settlement of certain litigation matters and $2.0 million in charges for facilities realignment costs.  See Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements for more details.  As a result of adopting FAS 123R in 2006 there was an additional $290,000 recognized in stock compensation expense.
 
(5)
Includes $5.7 million for executive severance costs and $2.4 million for facilities realignment costs.  See Notes 15 and 16 to the consolidated financial statements for more details.
 
(6)
Asset impairment charges include a $3.3 million non-cash charge for the impairment of the goodwill associated with the Select Access reporting unit; and a $2.8 million non-cash charge for the impairment of the Siebel sales force automation platform.
 
(7)
Includes revenue of $4.9 million associated with the acquisition of Pharmakon on August 31, 2004.

 
20
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

ITEM 7.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
 
OVERVIEW
 
We are a leading provider of contract sales teams in the United States to pharmaceutical companies.  Additionally, we provide marketing research and physician interaction programs.  Our services offer customers a range of promotional options for the commercialization of their products throughout their lifecycles, from development through maturity.
 
Our business depends in large part on demand from the pharmaceutical and life sciences industries for outsourced sales and marketing services.  In recent years, this demand has been adversely impacted by certain industry-wide factors affecting pharmaceutical companies in recent years, including, among other things, pressures on pricing and access, successful challenges to intellectual property rights (including the introduction of competitive generic products), a strict regulatory environment and decreased pipeline productivity.  Recently, there has been a slow-down in the rate of approval of new products by the FDA and this trend may continue.  Additionally, a number of pharmaceutical companies have recently made changes to their commercial models by reducing the number of sales representatives employed internally and through outside organizations like PDI.  A very significant source of our revenue is derived from our sales force arrangements with large pharmaceutical companies, and we have therefore been significantly impacted by cost control measures implemented by these companies, including a substantial reduction in the number of sales representatives deployed.  This has culminated in the expiration or termination of a number of our significant sales force contracts during 2006 and 2007, including our sales force engagements with AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, sanofi-aventis and another large pharmaceutical company customer.  These four customers accounted for approximately $150.9 million in revenue during 2006 and $15.9 million in revenue during 2007.  In addition, a significant sales force program for one of our clients was terminated, effective September 30, 2008, due to generic product competition.  This program accounted for approximately $10.7 million in revenue in 2008.  This reduction in demand for outsourced pharmaceutical sales and marketing services could be further exacerbated by the current economic and financial crisis occurring in the United States and worldwide.  For example, certain customers within our marketing services business segment have recently delayed the implementation or reduced the scope of a number of marketing initiatives.  If companies in the life sciences industries significantly reduce their promotional, marketing and sales expenditures or significantly reduce or eliminate the role of pharmaceutical sales representatives in the promotion of their products, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.
 
While we recognize that there is currently significant volatility in the markets in which we provide services, we believe there are opportunities for growth of our sales and marketing services businesses, which provide our pharmaceutical company clients with the flexibility to successfully respond to a constantly changing market and a means of controlling costs through outsourcing.  We have recently intensified our focus on strengthening all aspects of the core CSO business that we believe will most favorably position PDI as the best in class contract sales organization in the United States.  In addition, we also continue to focus on enhancing our commercialization capabilities by aggressively promoting and broadening the depth of the value-added service offerings of our existing marketing services businesses, TVG and Pharmakon.
 
 
DESCRIPTION OF REPORTING SEGMENTS
 
For the year ended December 31, 2008, our three reporting segments were as follows:
 
¨
Sales Services, which is comprised of the following business units:
 
·
Performance Sales Teams; and
 
·
Select Access.
 
¨
Marketing Services, which is comprised of the following business units:
 
·
Pharmakon;
 
·
TVG Marketing Research and Consulting (TVG); and
 
·
Vital Issues in Medicine (VIM)®.
 
¨
Product Commercialization.
 
Selected financial information for each of these segments is contained in Note 20 to the condensed consolidated financial statements and in the discussion under “Consolidated Results of Operations.”
 

 
21
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 
 
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 
We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).  The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires our management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions at a specific point in time that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and disclosed in the accompanying notes.  These assumptions and estimates are inherently uncertain.  Outlined below are accounting policies, which are important to our financial position and results of operations, and require the most significant judgments on the part of our management in their application.  Some of those judgments can be subjective and complex.  Management’s estimates are based on historical experience, information from third-party professionals, facts and circumstances available at the time and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.  Additionally, changes in estimates could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations in any one period.  For a summary of all of our significant accounting policies, including the accounting policies discussed below, see Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements.
 
Revenue and Associated Costs
 
Revenue and associated costs under pharmaceutical detailing contracts are generally based on the number of physician details made or the number of sales representatives utilized.  With respect to risk-based contracts, all or a portion of revenues earned are based on contractually defined percentages of either product revenues or the market value of prescriptions written and filled in a given period.  These contracts are generally for terms of one to two years and may be renewed or extended.  The majority of these contracts, however, are terminable by the customer for any reason upon 30 to 90 days’ notice.  Certain contracts provide for termination payments if the customer terminates the agreement without cause.  Typically, however, these penalties do not offset the revenue we could have earned under the contract or the costs we may incur as a result of its termination.
 
The loss or termination of a large pharmaceutical detailing contract or the loss of multiple contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.  Historically, we have derived a significant portion of its service revenue from a limited number of customers.  Concentration of business in the pharmaceutical services industry is common and the industry continues to consolidate.  As a result, we are likely to continue to experience significant customer concentration in future periods.  For the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, our three largest customers, who each individually represented 10% or more of our service revenue, together accounted for approximately 52.5% and 37.9% of its service revenue, respectively.  For the year ended December 31, 2006 our two largest customers, who each individually represented 10% or more of our service revenue, together accounted for approximately 46.8% of our service revenue.  See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements.
 
Revenue and associated costs under marketing service contracts are generally based on a single deliverable such as a promotional program, accredited continuing medical education seminar or marketing research/advisory program.  The contracts are generally terminable by the customer for any reason.  Upon termination, the customer is generally responsible for payment for all work completed to date, plus the cost of any nonrefundable commitments made on behalf of the customer.  There is significant customer concentration in our Pharmakon business, and the loss or termination of one or more of Pharmakon’s large master service agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.  Due to the typical size of most contracts of TVG and VIM, it is unlikely the loss or termination of any individual TVG or VIM contract would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
 
Service revenue is recognized on product detailing programs and certain marketing, promotional and medical education contracts as services are performed and the right to receive payment for the services is assured. Many of the product detailing contracts allow for additional periodic incentive fees to be earned if certain performance benchmarks have been attained. Revenue earned from incentive fees is recognized in the period earned and when we are reasonably assured that payment will be made.  Under performance based contracts, revenue is recognized when the performance based parameters are achieved.  Many contracts also stipulate penalties if agreed upon performance benchmarks have not been met.  Revenue is recognized net of any potential penalties until the performance criteria relating to the penalties have been achieved.  Commissions based revenue is recognized when performance is completed.  Revenue from recruiting and hiring contracts is recognized at the time the candidate begins full-time employment less a provision for sales allowances based on contractual commitments and historical experience.  Revenue and associated costs from marketing research contracts are recognized upon completion of the contract.  These contracts are generally short-term in nature typically lasting two to six months.
 

 
22
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

Under our promotional program included in the product commercialization segment, we recognize revenue quarterly based on a specified formula set forth in our product commercialization agreement with Novartis related to product sales for the quarter.  We will not receive any compensation during any quarter in which product sales are below certain thresholds established for that quarter as set forth in the agreement.  Revenues recognized (if any) under this agreement will be directly impacted by prescription data provided by a third party vendor and other information provided by Novartis.  Additionally, we must perform a minimum number of sales calls to designated physicians each year, and the failure to satisfy this requirement could result in penalties being imposed on PDI or provide the customer with the ability to terminate the agreement.
 
Cost of services consist primarily of the costs associated with executing product detailing programs, performance based contracts or other sales and marketing services identified in the contract. Cost of services include personnel costs and other costs associated with executing a product detailing or other marketing or promotional program, as well as the initial direct costs associated with staffing a product detailing program. Such costs include, but are not limited to, facility rental fees, honoraria and travel expenses, sample expenses and other promotional expenses.
 
Personnel costs, which constitute the largest portion of cost of services, include all labor related costs, such as salaries, bonuses, fringe benefits and payroll taxes for the sales representatives, sales managers and professional staff that are directly responsible for executing a particular program. Initial direct program costs are those costs associated with initiating a product detailing program, such as recruiting, hiring, and training the sales representatives who staff a particular product detailing program. All personnel costs and initial direct program costs, other than training costs, are expensed as incurred for service offerings.
 
Reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses include those relating to travel and other similar costs, for which the Company is reimbursed at cost by its customers.  Reimbursements received for out-of-pocket expenses incurred are characterized as revenue and an identical amount is included as cost of goods and services in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
Training costs include the costs of training the sales representatives and managers on a particular product detailing program so that they are qualified to properly perform the services specified in the related contract.  For the majority of the Company’s contracts, training costs are reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses.  For contracts where the Company is responsible for training costs, these costs are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the life of the contract to which they relate or 12 months.
 
Contract Loss Provisions
 
Provisions for losses to be incurred on contracts are recognized in full in the period in which it is determined that a loss will result from performance of the contractual arrangement.  Performance based contracts have the potential for higher returns but also an increased risk of contract loss as compared to the traditional fee for service contracts.  We  recognized a contract loss related to our product commercialization agreement in 2008.  See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements.
 
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
 
 We maintain allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments.  We review a customer’s credit history before extending credit.  We establish an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the aging of a customer’s accounts receivable or when we become aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations (e.g., a bankruptcy filing).  We operate almost exclusively in the pharmaceutical industry and to a great extent our revenue is dependent on a limited number of large pharmaceutical companies.  We also partner with customers in the emerging pharmaceutical sector, some of whom may have limited financial resources.  A general downturn in the pharmaceutical industry or a material adverse event to one or more of our emerging pharmaceutical customers could result in higher than expected customer defaults requiring additional allowances.
 

 
23
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

Goodwill, Intangibles and Other Long-Lived Assets
 
We allocate the cost of acquired companies to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired, with the remaining amount being classified as goodwill.  Since the entities we have acquired do not have significant tangible assets, a significant portion of the purchase price has been allocated to intangible assets and goodwill.  The identification and valuation of these intangible assets and the determination of the estimated useful lives at the time of acquisition, as well as the completion of annual impairment tests require significant management judgments and estimates.  These estimates are made based on, among other factors, consultations with an accredited independent valuation consultant, reviews of projected future operating results and business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows and the cost of capital.  The use of alternative estimates and assumptions could increase or decrease the estimated fair value of goodwill and other intangible assets, and potentially result in a different impact to our results of operations.  Further, changes in business strategy and/or market conditions may significantly impact these judgments thereby impacting the fair value of these assets, which could result in an impairment of the goodwill and acquired intangible assets.
 
  We test goodwill for impairment at least annually and whenever events or circumstances change that indicate impairment may have occurred.  These events or circumstances could include a significant long-term adverse change in the business climate, poor indicators of operating performance or a sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit.  We test goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is one level below its operating segments.  Goodwill has been assigned to the reporting units to which the value of the goodwill relates.  We currently have six reporting units; however, only one reporting unit, Pharmakon, includes goodwill.  Goodwill is tested by estimating the fair value of the reporting unit using a discounted cash flow model.  The estimated fair value of the reporting unit is then compared with the carrying value including goodwill, to determine if any impairment exists.  In assessing the recoverability of goodwill, projections regarding estimated future cash flows and other factors are made to determine the fair value of the respective reporting units.  The key estimates and factors used in the discounted cash flow valuation include revenue growth rates and profit margins based on internal forecasts, terminal value and the weighted-average cost of capital used to discount future cash flows.
     
  We review the recoverability of long-lived assets and finite-lived intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable.  If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recognized by reducing the recorded value of the asset to its fair value measured by future discounted cash flows.  This analysis requires estimates of the amount and timing of projected cash flows and, where applicable, judgments associated with, among other factors, the appropriate discount rate.  Such estimates are critical in determining whether any impairment charge should be recorded and the amount of such charge if an impairment loss is deemed to be necessary.  In addition, future events impacting cash flows for existing assets could render a write-down or write-off necessary that previously required no such write-down or write-off.
 
While we use available information to prepare our estimates and to perform impairment evaluations, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates or related projections, resulting in impairment and losses related to recorded goodwill or long-lived asset balances.
 
Contingencies
 
In the normal course of business, we are subject to various contingencies.  Contingencies are recorded in the consolidated financial statements when it is probable that a liability will be incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, or otherwise disclosed.  We are currently involved in certain legal proceedings and, as required, we have accrued our estimate of the probable costs for the resolution of these claims.  These estimates are developed in consultation with outside counsel and are based upon an analysis of potential results, assuming a combination of litigation and settlement strategies.  Predicting the outcome of claims and litigation, and estimating related costs and exposures, involves substantial uncertainties that could cause actual costs to vary materially from estimates. 
 
Income Taxes
 
We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method.  This method requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences that currently exist between tax bases and financial reporting bases of our assets and liabilities based on enacted tax laws and rates.  A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce the deferred income tax assets when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.
 

 
24
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

We operate in multiple tax jurisdictions and provide taxes in each jurisdiction where we conduct business and are subject to taxation.  The breadth of our operations and the complexity of the various tax laws require assessments of uncertainties and judgments in estimating the ultimate taxes we will pay.  The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions, outcomes of tax litigation and resolution of proposed assessments arising from federal and state audits.  We have established estimated liabilities for federal and state income tax exposures that arise. These accruals represent accounting estimates that are subject to inherent uncertainties associated with the tax audit process.  We adjust these accruals as facts and circumstances change, such as the progress of a tax audit. We believe that any potential audit adjustments will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or liquidity. However, any adjustments made may be material to our consolidated results of operations for a reporting period.
 
Significant judgment is also required in evaluating the need for and magnitude of appropriate valuation allowances against deferred tax assets.  We currently have significant deferred tax assets resulting from net operating loss carryforwards and deductible temporary differences.  The realization of these assets is dependent on generating future taxable income.  We perform an analysis quarterly to determine whether the expected future income will more likely than not be sufficient to realize the deferred tax assets.  Our recent operating results and projections of future income weighed heavily in our overall assessment.  The minimum amount of future taxable income that would have to be generated to realize our net deferred tax assets is approximately $30 million and the existing levels of pretax earnings for financial reporting purposes are not sufficient to generate this amount of future taxable income.  As a result, we established a full federal and state valuation allowance for the net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2008 and 2007 because we determined that it was more likely than not that these assets would not be realized.
 
Self-Insurance Accruals
 
Prior to October 1, 2008, we were self-insured for certain losses for claims filed and claims incurred but not reported relating to workers’ compensation and automobile-related liabilities for Company-leased cars.  Beginning October 1, 2008, we are fully-insured through an outside carrier for these losses.  Our liability for claims filed and claims incurred but not reported prior to October 1, 2008 is estimated on an actuarial undiscounted basis supplied by its insurance brokers and insurers using individual case-based valuations and statistical analysis and is based upon judgment and historical experience, however, the final cost of many of these claims may not be known for five years or longer.  We also are self-insured for benefits paid under employee healthcare programs.  Our liability for healthcare claims is estimated using an underwriting determination which is based on current year’s average lag days between when a claim is incurred to when it is paid.  We maintain stop-loss coverage with third-party insurers to limit our total exposure on all of these programs.  Periodically, we evaluate the level of insurance coverage and adjust insurance levels based on risk tolerance and premium expense.  Management reviews our self-insurance accruals on a quarterly basis.  Actual results can vary from these estimates, which results in adjustments in the period of the change in estimate.
 
Stock Compensation Costs
 
The estimated compensation cost associated with the granting of stock-based awards is based on the grant date fair value of the stock award on the date of grant. We recognize the compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, over the vesting term.  Forfeitures are initially estimated based on historical information and subsequently updated over the life of the awards to ultimately reflect actual forfeitures.  As a result, changes in forfeiture activity can influence the amount of stock compensation cost recognized from period to period.
 
We primarily use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options and stock-based stock appreciation rights (SARs). The determination of the fair value of stock-based payment awards is made on the date of grant and is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions made regarding a number of complex and subjective variables.  These assumptions including our expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, the risk-free interest rate, and expected dividend yield.  Our assumptions are detailed in Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements.
 
Changes in the valuation assumptions could result in a significant change to the cost of an individual award.  However, the total cost of an award is also a function of the number of awards granted, and as result, we have the ability to manage the cost and value of our equity awards by adjusting the number of awards granted.
 

 
25
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

Restructuring, Facilities Realignment and Related Costs
 
From time to time, in order to consolidate operations, downsize and improve operating efficiencies, we recognize restructuring or facilities realignment charges.  The recognition of these charges requires estimates and judgments regarding employee termination benefits, lease termination costs and other exit costs to be incurred when these actions take place.  Actual results can vary from these estimates, which results in adjustments in the period of the change in estimate.
 
 
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
The following table sets forth for the periods indicated below selected statement of continuing operations data as a percentage of revenue.  The trends illustrated in this table may not be indicative of future operating results.
 

   
Years Ended December 31,
  
Continuing operations data
  
2008
    
2007
    
2006
    
2005
    
2004
  
Revenues:
                              
Service, net
     100.0 %     100.0 %     100.0 %     100.0 %     100.4 %
Product, net
     -       -       -       -       (0.4 %)
Total revenues, net
     100.0 %     100.0 %     100.0 %     100.0 %     100.0 %
Cost of goods and services:
                                        
Cost of services
     96.0 %     73.0 %     76.7 %     82.8 %     73.1 %
Cost of goods sold
     -       -       -       -       0.1 %
Total cost of goods and services
     96.0 %     73.0 %     76.7 %     82.8 %     73.2 %
                                         
Gross profit
     4.0 %     27.0 %     23.3 %     17.2 %     26.8 %
                                         
Operating expenses:
                                        
Compensation expense
     20.3 %     20.9 %     11.7 %     8.5 %     8.9 %
Other selling, general and administrative
     14.7 %     17.1 %     9.5 %     9.6 %     7.2 %
Asset impairment
     -       -       -       2.0 %     -  
Executive severance
     1.1 %     -       0.2 %     1.9 %     0.1 %
Legal and related costs, net
     0.2 %     0.3 %     (1.4 %)     0.6 %     0.7 %
Facilities realignment
     0.1 %     0.9 %     0.8 %     0.8 %     -  
Total operating expenses
     36.4 %     39.2 %     20.9 %     23.3 %     16.9 %
                                         
Operating (loss) income
     (32.4 %)     (12.2 %)     2.5 %     (6.2 %)     9.9 %
Gain (loss) on investments
     -       -       -       1.5 %     (0.3 %)
Interest income, net
     2.5 %     5.2 %     2.0 %     1.0 %     0.5 %
(Loss) income from continuing operations
                                        
  before income taxes
     (29.8 %)     (7.0 %)     4.5 %     (3.7 %)     10.1 %
Income tax expense (benefit)
     0.8 %     1.5 %     (0.3 %)     0.1 %     4.2 %
(Loss) income from continuing operations
     (30.6 %)     (8.5 %)     4.8 %     (3.7 %)     5.9 %


 
26
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

Comparison of 2008 and 2007

Revenue (in thousands)
                        
                         
   
Year Ended
              
   
December 31,
              
   
2008
    
2007
    
Change ($)
    
Change (%)
  
Sales services
   $ 89,656     $ 86,766     $ 2,890       3.3 %
Marketing services
     23,872       30,365       (6,493 )     (21.4 %)
Product commercialization
     (1,000 )     -       (1,000 )     -  
Total
   $ 112,528     $ 117,131     $ (4,603 )     (3.9 %)

   The decrease in total revenues of $4.6 million, or 3.9%, was primarily related to a decrease in revenue in the marketing services segment. The sales services segment revenue increased by $2.9 million in 2008 compared to 2007 primarily due to an increase in revenue within our Select Access business unit of 32.6% due to new and expanded sales force engagements during 2008.
 
Revenue for the marketing services segment decreased by approximately 21.4% as revenue at TVG and Pharmakon was lower due in part to a decrease in new projects as well as the curtailment or postponement of certain existing projects within these business units.  Pharmakon revenue decreased by 28.5% as its two major clients postponed many of their projects with Pharmakon due to budget constraints.
 
The product commercialization segment recorded negative revenue of $1.0 million.  This pertained to a non-refundable upfront payment we made to Novartis as per the terms of our promotion agreement, which has been recognized as negative revenue pursuant to Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) Issue No. 01-09, "Accounting for Consideration Given by a Vendor to a Customer or a Reseller of the Vendor's Product."  This segment had no revenue in 2007.

 
 
Cost of services (in thousands)
                                          
                                               
Year Ended
  
Sales
    
% of
    
Marketing
    
% of
    
Product
    
% of
        
% of
  
December 31,
  
services
    
sales
    
services
    
sales
    
commercialization
    
sales
    
Total
  
sales
  
2008
   $ 71,266       79.5 %   $ 14,121       59.2 %   $ 22,628       -     $ 108,015     96.0 %
2007
     68,554       79.0 %     16,962       55.9 %     -       -       85,516     73.0 %
Change ($)
   $ 2,712             $ (2,841 )           $ 22,628             $ 22,499        
                                                               

The increase of approximately $22.5 million in costs of services was primarily attributed to the $22.6 million associated with our promotional program within the product commercialization segment for the year ended December 31, 2008.  Included within that amount is $10.3 million associated with an accrued contract loss, which represents the future loss expected to be incurred by us to fulfill our contractual obligations under our existing product commercialization agreement until February 1, 2010, the early termination date for this contract.  See Note 10 for more details.  This segment had no activity in 2007.  The sales services segment had an increase of $2.7 million in cost of services, which is primarily attributable to the increase in revenue at Select Access.  Cost of services within the marketing services segment decreased approximately $2.8 million, or 16.7% primarily due to the decrease in new projects and the curtailment or postponement of certain existing projects at Pharmakon.
 
Gross profit (in thousands)
                                          
                                               
Year Ended
  
Sales
    
% of
    
Marketing
    
% of
    
Product
    
% of
        
% of
  
December 31,
  
services
    
sales
    
services
    
sales
    
commercialization
    
sales
    
Total
  
sales
  
2008
   $ 18,390       20.5 %   $ 9,751       40.8 %   $ (23,628 )     -     $ 4,513     4.0 %
2007
     18,212       21.0 %     13,403       44.1 %     -       -       31,615     27.0 %
Change ($)
   $ 178             $ (3,652 )           $ (23,628 )           $ (27,102 )      
 

 
 
27
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

Gross profit in the sales services segment increased slightly on higher revenue for the year ended 2008 as compared to year ended 2007.  In 2007, we recognized $0.6 million in revenue associated with a contract with a former emerging pharmaceutical client for services performed in 2006.  Because of the uncertainty surrounding collections, we recognized revenue from this client on a cash basis and all costs associated with this contract were recognized in 2006.
 
The decrease in gross profit attributable to the marketing services segment was commensurate with the decrease in revenue discussed above as total gross profit decreased at all three business units.  The gross profit percentage decreased to 40.8% from 44.1% in the comparable prior year period primarily due to a decrease in margin percentage at TVG attributed to a change in product mix.
 
The product commercialization segment’s negative gross profit was attributable to our sales force, promotional costs and contract loss accrual associated with this program plus the $1 million non-refundable upfront payment we made to Novartis as per the terms of our promotion agreement.
 
 (Note: Compensation and other Selling, General and Administrative (other SG&A) expense amounts for each segment contain allocated corporate overhead.)
 
Compensation expense (in thousands)
                                    
                                               
Year Ended
  
Sales
    
% of
    
Marketing
    
% of
    
Product
    
% of
        
% of
  
December 31,
  
services
    
sales
    
services
    
sales
    
commercialization
    
sales
    
Total
  
sales
  
2008
   $ 13,176       14.7 %   $ 8,361       35.0 %   $ 1,301       -     $ 22,838     20.3 %
2007
     15,973       18.4 %     8,543       28.1 %     -       -       24,516     20.9 %
Change ($)
   $ (2,797 )           $ (182 )           $ 1,301             $ (1,678 )      
                                                               
 
The decrease in compensation expense was primarily a result of a reduction in incentive compensation accrued for 2008 due to our financial performance relative to the financial targets established for 2008 under our incentive compensation plan.  The decrease for both sales services and marketing services segments in 2008 can be attributed to the reason discussed above.
    
  The product commercialization segment had compensation costs of $1.3 million.  This was primarily attributable to employee and sales services support costs.  There was no compensation expense attributable to this segment in 2007.
 
Other selling, general and administrative expenses (in thousands)
                  
                                               
Year Ended
  
Sales
    
% of
    
Marketing
    
% of
    
Product
    
% of
        
% of
  
December 31,
  
services
    
sales
    
services
    
sales
    
commercialization
    
sales
    
Total
  
sales
  
2008
   $ 11,549       12.9 %   $ 3,857       16.2 %   $ 1,126       -     $ 16,532     14.7 %
2007
     15,033       17.3 %     4,990       16.4 %     -       -       20,023     17.1 %
Change ($)
   $ (3,484 )           $ (1,133 )           $ 1,126             $ (3,491 )      
                                                               
 
Total other SG&A expenses decreased primarily due to the following: 1) a decrease in depreciation expense of approximately $0.7 million primarily due to the conversion to a new financial reporting system that was at a much lower capitalized cost than our previous system; 2) a decrease in net franchise taxes of approximately $1.0 million primarily due to the settlement of one state’s assessment for less than the $0.6 million that had been accrued in 2007; 3) a reduction in executive consulting of approximately $1.0 million; and 4) a reduction in business insurance expense of approximately $0.4 million.  As a percentage of total revenue, other SG&A expenses decreased to 14.7% in 2008 from 17.1% in 2007.
 
Executive severance
 
In 2008, we incurred approximately $1.2 million in executive severance costs that related to the departure of our chief executive officer and one other executive.  In 2007, we did not have any executive severance costs.
 
Legal and related costs
 
In 2008 and 2007, we had legal expenses of approximately $0.3 million, respectively, which primarily pertained to legal expenses incurred by us in the ordinary course of business.
 

 
28
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 
 
Facilities realignment
 
In 2008, we had charges of approximately $75,000 related to the excess office space at our Dresher, Pennsylvania location.  In 2007, we had net charges of approximately $1.0 million primarily related to the impairment of fixed assets and other expenses related to our exiting the computer data center space at our Saddle River, New Jersey location in December 2007. Total charges in 2007 for the sales services segment were approximately $1.0 million and approximately $26,000 was credited to the marketing services segment.
 
Operating loss
                                            
                                             
Year Ended
  
Sales
    
% of
    
Marketing
    
% of
    
Product
  
% of
        
% of
  
December 31,
  
services
    
sales
    
services
    
sales
    
commercialization
  
sales
    
Total
  
sales
  
2008
   $ (7,196 )     (8.0 %)   $ (3,070 )     (12.9 %)   $ (26,161 )   -     $ (36,427 )   (32.4 %)
2007
     (13,918 )     (16.0 %)     (362 )     (1.2 %)     -     -       (14,280 )   (12.2 %)
Change ($)
   $ 6,722             $ (2,708 )           $ (26,161 )         $ (22,147 )      
                                                             

  The increased operating loss in 2008 is primarily attributable to the $26.2 million in negative revenue and expenses associated with our promotional program within the product commercialization segment.  This was partially offset by a reduction in our total operating expenses of approximately $5.0 million, or 10.8%.
 
Interest income, net
 
Interest income, net, for 2008 and 2007 was approximately $2.8 million and $6.1 million, respectively.  The decrease is primarily attributable to a decrease in interest rates for 2008 as well as smaller available cash balances.
 
Provision for income taxes
 
We recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.9 million for 2008 and $1.8 million for 2007.  Our overall effective tax rate was a provision of 2.6% and a provision of 21.5% for 2008 and 2007, respectively.  The tax provision for 2007 is primarily attributable to the full valuation allowance on the net deferred tax assets except for the basis difference in goodwill.  Federal tax attribute carryforwards at December 31, 2008, consist primarily of approximately $29.2 million of net operating losses and $339,000 of capital losses.  In addition, we have approximately $63.5 million of state net operating losses carryforwards.  The utilization of the federal carryforwards as an available offset to future taxable income is subject to limitations under federal income tax laws.  If the federal net operating losses are not utilized, they will begin to expire in 2027 and if the current state net operating losses are not utilized they begin to expire in 2009.  The capital losses can only be utilized against capital gains and $339,000 will expire in 2009.
 
Net loss
 
There was a net loss of $34.5 million in 2008, compared to a net loss of $10.0 million in 2007, due to the factors discussed above.
 
Comparison of 2007 and 2006
 
Revenue (in thousands)
                        
                         
   
Year Ended
              
   
December 31,
              
   
2007
    
2006
    
Change ($)
    
Change (%)
  
Sales services
   $ 86,766     $ 202,748     $ (115,982 )     (57.2 %)
Marketing services
     30,365       36,494       (6,129 )     (16.8 %)
Product commercialization
     -       -       -       -  
Total
   $ 117,131     $ 239,242     $ (122,111 )     (51.0 %)

The decrease in total revenues of $122.1, or 51.0%, was primarily related to the termination of several large contracts in 2006.  Effective April 30, 2006, AstraZeneca terminated its contract sales force arrangement with us, which represented approximately $43.0 million of revenue in 2006.  On September 26, 2006, we announced that GSK would not be renewing its contract with us when it expired on December 31, 2006.  This contract represented $67.4 million of revenue in 2006.  On October 25, 2006, we announced that we had received notification from
 

 
29
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 
 
sanofi-aventis of its intention to terminate its contract sales engagement with us effective December 1, 2006.  This contract represented approximately $18.3 million of revenue in 2006.  Additionally, on March 21, 2007, we announced that a large pharmaceutical company customer had notified us of its intention not to renew its contract sales engagement with us upon its scheduled expiration on May 12, 2007. This contract, which had a one-year term, provided for approximately $37 million of annual revenue and represented a $7.1 million decline in revenue when compared to 2006. The loss in revenue from those terminated and expired contracts was partially offset by new sales force arrangements we entered into during 2007, including a contract sales force engagement for our Select Access business unit in March 2007, which generated approximately $12.0 million in revenue in 2007 and a dedicated contract sales force engagement entered into during June 2007 that generated approximately $14.6 million in revenue in 2007.
 
The sales services segment revenue decreased by $116.0 million compared to 2006 primarily due to the contract terminations as described above.
 
Revenue for the marketing services segment decreased by $6.1 million, or 16.8%, which was attributable to a $3.9 million decrease in TVG revenue, as well as decreases at both Pharmakon and VIM due to fewer projects at all three business units.
 
The product commercialization segment did not have any revenue in either period.


Cost of services (in thousands)
                                            
                                                 
Year Ended
  
Sales
    
% of
    
Marketing
    
% of
    
Product
    
% of
          
% of
  
December 31,
  
services
    
sales
    
services
    
sales
    
commercialization
    
sales
    
Total
    
sales
  
2007
   $ 68,554       79.0 %   $ 16,962       55.9 %   $ -       -     $ 85,516       73.0 %
2006
     163,735       80.8 %     19,663       53.9 %     -       -       183,398       76.7 %
Change ($)
   $ (95,181 )           $ (2,701 )           $ -             $ (97,882 )        


The sales services segment had a reduction of $95.2 million in cost of services, which is primarily attributable to the contract terminations mentioned above.  Cost of services within the marketing services segment decreased approximately $2.7 million, or 13.7%, due to fewer projects at all three business units.  The product commercialization segment had no costs of services expense in either 2007 or 2006.
 
The two primary reasons for the increase in gross profit percentage were: 1) the higher margin businesses within marketing services were a greater portion of consolidated revenue than they were in the prior period (25.9% in 2007 vs. 15.3% in 2006); and 2) the gross profit percentage for Select Access increased from 15.2% in 2006 to 21.4% in 2007.  This increase was primarily a result of fixed service costs (i.e., sales force management) being a smaller percentage of total revenue as Select Access revenue increased approximately 63.7% in 2007.

 
Gross profit (in thousands)
                                            
                                                 
Year Ended
  
Sales
    
% of
    
Marketing
    
% of
    
Product
    
% of
          
% of
  
December 31,
  
services
    
sales
    
services
    
sales
    
commercialization
    
sales
    
Total
    
sales
  
2007
   $ 18,212       21.0 %   $ 13,403       44.1 %   $ -       -     $ 31,615       27.0 %
2006
     39,013       19.2 %     16,831       46.1 %     -       -       55,844       23.3 %
Change ($)
   $ (20,801 )           $ (3,428 )           $ -             $ (24,229 )        
                                                                 
 
The increase in gross profit percentage for the sales services segment can be primarily attributed to Select Access.  The decrease in total sales services’ gross profit can be attributed to the contract terminations discussed above.  The segment benefited from recognizing $550,000 in revenue and gross profit in 2007 associated with a contract with a former emerging pharmaceutical client for services performed in 2006.  Because of the uncertainty surrounding collections, we recognized revenue from this client on a cash basis.  All costs associated with this contract were recognized in 2006.  The segment also benefited from recognizing $558,000 in revenue and gross profit in 2007 associated with accrued penalties with a former sales force client.  Because the likelihood of paying these penalties was deemed remote, the accrual was reversed in the fourth quarter of 2007 and recognized as revenue.
 

 
30
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

The decrease in gross profit attributable to the marketing services segment was commensurate with the decrease in revenue discussed above as total gross profit decreased at all three business units.  The gross profit percentage decreased to 44.1% from 46.1% in the comparable prior year period.
 
 (Note: Compensation and other Selling, General and Administrative (other SG&A) expense amounts for each segment contain allocated corporate overhead.)

Compensation expense (in thousands)
                                      
                                                 
Year Ended
  
Sales
    
% of
    
Marketing
    
% of
    
Product
    
% of
          
% of
  
December 31,
  
services
    
sales
    
services
    
sales
    
commercialization
    
sales
    
Total
    
sales
  
2007
   $ 15,973       18.4 %   $ 8,543       28.1 %   $ -       -     $ 24,516       20.9 %
2006
     19,410       9.6 %     8,665       23.7 %     -       -       28,075       11.7 %
Change ($)
   $ (3,437 )           $ (122 )           $ -             $ (3,559 )        
                                                                 
 
The decrease in compensation expense for both sales services and marketing services segments in 2007 was the result of reduced headcount and unfilled executive positions when compared to 2006.  As a percentage of total revenue, compensation expense increased to 20.9% for 2007 from 11.7% in 2006 primarily due to the decrease in revenue.

Other selling, general and administrative expenses (in thousands)
                    
                                                 
Year Ended
  
Sales
    
% of
    
Marketing
    
% of
    
Product
    
% of
          
% of
  
December 31,
  
services
    
sales
    
services
    
sales
    
commercialization
    
sales
    
Total
    
sales
  
2007
   $ 15,033       17.3 %   $ 4,948       16.3 %   $ -       -     $ 19,981       17.1 %
2006
     18,109       8.9 %     4,501       12.3 %     -       -       22,610       9.5 %
Change ($)
   $ (3,076 )           $ 447             $ -             $ (2,629 )        
                                                                 

Total other SG&A expenses decreased primarily due to the following: 1) a decrease in audit and related costs of $1.5 million; 2) a decrease in facility costs of approximately $390,000; 3) a reduction in business insurance expense of approximately $400,000; and 4) approximately $600,000 less in marketing expense.  These decreases were partially offset by an approximately $550,000 accrual in state franchise taxes pertaining to one particular state’s assessment.  As a percentage of total revenue, other SG&A expenses increased to 17.1% from 9.5% in 2006 due to the decrease in revenue in 2007.
 
Executive severance
 
In 2007, we did not have any executive severance costs.  In 2006, we incurred approximately $573,000 in executive severance costs that related to the departure of one executive.
 
Legal and related costs
 
In 2007, we had legal expenses of approximately $335,000, which primarily pertained to legal expenses incurred by us in the ordinary course of business.  In 2006, we had a net credit to legal expense of $3.3 million.  The credit to legal expense included approximately $3.5 million in cash received in relation to the Cellegy litigation matter and approximately $516,000 in credits related to the reversing of the California class action lawsuit accrual.  For details on both legal matters, see Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements.
 
Facilities realignment
 
In 2007, we had net charges of approximately $1.0 million primarily related to the impairment of fixed assets and other expenses related to our exiting the computer data center space at our Saddle River, New Jersey location in December 2007. Total charges in 2007 for the sales services segment were approximately $1.0 million and approximately $26,000 was credited to the marketing services segment.  In 2006, we had net charges of approximately $657,000 related to unused office space capacity at our Saddle River, New Jersey and Dresher, Pennsylvania locations and approximately $1.3 million in expense related to the impairment of fixed assets associated with the unused office space at these facilities.  Total charges in 2006 for the sales services segment were approximately $1.3 million and approximately $675,000 was charged to the marketing services segment.
 

 
31
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

Operating loss (income)
 
The operating loss in 2007 is primarily attributable to the decline in revenue and gross profit in the sales services segment due to the termination of sales force contracts mentioned previously.  There was an operating loss in 2007 for the marketing services segment of $362,000 compared to operating income of $2.8 million in 2006.  The decrease in operating income from marketing services segment was primarily attributable to a decrease in revenue and gross profit at all three units due to fewer projects.  There was operating income of $3.1 million in 2006 in the product commercialization segment which consisted entirely of settlement payments from Cellegy, net of legal expenses.  There was no operating income from product commercialization in 2007.
 
Interest income, net
 
Interest income, net, for 2007 and 2006 was approximately $6.1 million and $4.7 million, respectively.  The increase is primarily attributable to an increase in interest rates for 2007 as well as larger available cash balances.
 
Provision for income taxes
 
We recorded a provision for income taxes of $1.8 million for 2007, compared to a benefit for income taxes of $724,000 for 2006.  Our overall effective tax rate was a provision of 21.5% and a benefit of 6.8% for 2007 and 2006, respectively.  The tax provision for 2007 was primarily attributable to the full valuation allowance on the net deferred tax assets except for the basis difference in goodwill.  Federal tax attribute carryforwards at December 31, 2007, consisted primarily of approximately $9.7 million of net operating losses and $339,000 of capital losses.  In addition, we had approximately $47.9 million of state net operating losses carryforwards.  The utilization of the federal carryforwards as an available offset to future taxable income is subject to limitations under federal income tax laws.  If the federal net operating losses are not utilized, they will expire in 2027.  The capital losses can only be utilized against capital gains and $339,000 will expire in 2009.
 
 (Loss) income from continuing operations
 
There was a loss from continuing operations for 2007 of approximately $10.0 million, compared to income from continuing operations of approximately $11.4 million for 2006.
 
Discontinued operations
 
For the year ended December 31, 2006, discontinued operations included revenue of approximately $1.9 million, income before income tax of approximately $693,000 and net income of approximately $434,000.
 
Net (loss) income
 
There was a net loss of $10.0 million in 2007, compared to net income of $11.8 million in 2006, due to the factors discussed above.
 
 
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
 
As of December 31, 2008, we had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of approximately $90.2 million and working capital of $81.6 million, compared to cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of approximately $107.0 million and working capital of approximately $110.7 million at December 31, 2007.
 
During 2008, net cash used in operating activities was $16.0 million as compared to net cash used by operating activities of $6.2 million during 2007.  Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2008 reflects continuing operating losses of $34.5 million, less $6.5 million of non-cash items charged to the consolidated statement of operations, less $11.9 million representing the net change in our operating assets and liabilities.  The net non-cash items consist primarily of depreciation and amortization of $4.6 million, deferred income taxes of $0.3 million and stock-based compensation of $1.5 million.  The net change in operating assets and liabilities resulted primarily from decreases in accounts receivable of $7.0 million, unbilled costs of $1.0 million and unearned contract revenue of $4.8 million, and increase in accrued contract loss of $10.0 million.  The decreases in accounts receivable, unbilled costs and unearned contract revenue are primarily as a result of the decline in revenue in 2008.  The increase in accrued contract loss is due to our product commercialization agreement as discussed above.
 
As of December 31, 2008, we had $2.5 million of unbilled costs and accrued profits on contracts in progress.  When services are performed in advance of billing, the value of such services is recorded as unbilled costs and accrued profits on contracts in progress.  As of December 31, 2008, we had $3.7 million of unearned contract revenue. When we bill customers for services before the revenue has been earned, billed amounts are recorded as unearned contract revenue, and are recorded as income when earned.  Normally, unbilled costs and accrued profits are billed and unearned contract revenue is earned within 12 months from the end of the respective period.
 

 
32
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

During 2008, net cash provided by investing activities was approximately $6.9 million as compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $60.6 million during 2007.  For both periods, net cash provided by investing activities reflects a continued movement towards investments that have greater liquidity and shorter-term maturities.  For the year ended December 31, 2008, net cash provided by investing activities consisted of the following:
 
 
·
Approximately $7.3 million provided by the sale of short-term investments for the year ended December 31, 2008; and
 
·
Capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2008 of $0.4 million which consisted primarily of capital expenditures associated with information technology and other computer–related expenditures.
 
During 2008, net cash used in financing activities was approximately $62,000 as compared to net cash used by financing activities of approximately $460,000 during 2007.  For the year ended December 31, 2008, net cash used in financing activities represented shares that were delivered back to PDI and included in treasury stock for the payment of taxes resulting from the vesting of restricted stock.
 
We had standby letters of credit of approximately $5.9 million and $7.3 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, as collateral for our existing insurance policies and our facility leases.  Our standby letters of credit are evergreen in that they automatically renew every year unless cancelled in writing by PDI with consent of the beneficiary, generally not less than 60 days before the expiry date.
 
We recorded facility realignment charges totaling approximately $75,000, $1.0 million and $2.0 million during 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.  These charges were for costs related to excess leased office space at our Saddle River, New Jersey and Dresher, Pennsylvania facilities.  In 2007, we sub-leased the excess office space at our Saddle River, New Jersey location and also secured sub-leases for two of the three vacant spaces at our Dresher location.  We are currently seeking to sublease the remaining excess space at our Dresher location.  A rollforward of the activity for the facility realignment plan is as follows:
 

Balance as of December 31, 2006
   $ 2,312  
Accretion
     21  
Payments
     (1,378 )
Adjustments
     (280 )
Balance as of December 31, 2007
   $ 675  
Accretion
     13  
Payments
     (204 )
Adjustments
     75  
Balance as of December 31, 2008
   $ 559  

In April 2008, we signed a promotion agreement with Novartis in connection with our product commercialization initiative. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.  Under terms of the agreement, we are providing sales representatives, at our own cost and expense, to promote a pharmaceutical product to physicians.  In addition, we are obligated to spend at least $7.0 million per year during the term on promotional activities relating to this product.  In addition, we provided a $1.0 million upfront payment to Novartis in the second quarter of 2008 as per the terms of the agreement.  Under this arrangement, we will be compensated each quarter based on a specified formula set forth in the contract relating to product sales during the quarter.  Therefore, if we are unable to increase the sales of the product above a pre-determined quarterly threshold amount, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.  In 2008, we incurred losses associated with this promotional program of approximately $23.6 million.
 
Our revenue and profitability depend to a great extent on our relationships with a limited number of large pharmaceutical companies.  Our three largest customers in 2008 accounted for approximately 28.2%, 13.6% and 10.7%, respectively, or approximately 52.5% in the aggregate, of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2008.  On September 30, 2008, a significant sales force program for one of these clients was terminated due to generic product competition.  This sales force program accounted for 9.5% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2008 and 10.2% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2007.  We are likely to continue to experience a high degree of client concentration, particularly if there is further consolidation within the pharmaceutical industry. The loss or a significant reduction of business from any of our major clients, or a decrease in demand for our services, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.  In addition, Select Access’ services to a significant customer are seasonal in nature, occurring primarily in the winter season.
 

 
33
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

The majority of our operating expenses are personnel-related costs such as employee compensation and benefits as well as the cost of infrastructure to support our operations, including facility space and equipment.  We recently instituted a number of cost-saving initiatives, including a reduction in employee headcount.  In addition, we are currently seeking to sublet additional unused office space in our Saddle River, New Jersey and Dresher, Pennsylvania facilities, although there is no guarantee that we will be able to successfully sublet this unused office space, particularly in light of the current economic and financial crisis.  If we are unable to achieve revenue growth in the future or fail to adjust our cost infrastructure to the appropriate level to support our revenues, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
 
Going Forward
 
Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from our operations and available cash and cash equivalents.  These sources of liquidity are needed to fund our working capital requirements, estimated capital expenditures in 2009 of approximately $1.0 million and remaining minimum contractual obligations under our product commercialization agreement for which there is approximately $10.0 million accrued at December 31, 2008.
 
Although we expect to incur a net loss for the year ending December 31, 2009, we believe that our existing cash balances and expected cash flows generated from operations will be sufficient to meet our operating requirements for at least the next 12 months. However, we may require alternative forms of financing if and when we make acquisitions.
 
Contractual Obligations
 
We have committed cash outflow related to operating lease agreements and other contractual obligations. The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2008.


         
Less than
    
1 to 3
    
3 to 5
    
After
  
   
Total
    
1 Year
    
            Years
    
Years
    
5 Years
  
Contractual obligations (1)
   $ 1,476     $ 859     $ 617     $ -     $ -  
Purchase obligations (2)
     7,583       7,000       583       -       -  
Operating lease obligations
                                        
  Minimum lease payments
     24,395       3,318       6,507       6,564       8,006  
  Less minimum sublease rentals (3)
     (5,113 )     (1,069 )     (1,613 )     (1,239 )     (1,192 )
Net minimum lease payments
     19,282       2,249       4,894       5,325       6,814  
Total
   $ 28,341     $ 10,108     $ 6,094     $ 5,325     $ 6,814  

 
(1)
Amounts represent contractual obligations related to software license contracts, data center hosting, and outsourcing contracts for software system support.
 
(2)
Represents minimum annualized purchase obligations associated with promotional spending as per the terms of our agreement with Novartis through February 2010, which is the early termination date for this contract provided that sales of the product remain below certain pre-determined thresholds.
 
 (3)
In June 2005, we signed an agreement to sublease approximately 16,000 square feet of the first floor at our corporate headquarters facility in Saddle River, New Jersey.  The sublease is for a five-year term commencing July 15, 2005, and provides for approximately $2 million in lease payments over the five-year period.   In July 2007, we signed an agreement to sublease approximately 20,000 square feet of the second floor at our corporate headquarters.  The sublease term is through the remainder of our lease, which is approximately eight and one-half years and will provide for approximately $4.4 million in lease payments over that period.  Also in 2007, we signed two separate subleases at our facility in Dresher, Pennsylvania.  These subleases are for five-year terms and will provide approximately $650,000 combined in lease payments over the five-year period.
 
As a result of the net operating loss carryback claims which have been filed or are expected to be filed by us, and the impact of those claims on the relevant statue of limitations, it is not practicable to predict the amount or timing of the impact of FIN 48 liabilities in the table above and, therefore, these liabilities have been excluded from the table above.
 
 
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 
As of December 31, 2008, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements.
 

 
34
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 
 
Selected Quarterly Financial Information (unaudited)
 
The following tables set forth selected quarterly financial information for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 (in thousands except per share data):


   
For the Quarters ended
  
   
March 31
    
June 30
    
September 30
    
December 31
  
2008 Quarters:
                        
Revenues, net
   $ 32,229     $ 30,399     $ 24,496     $ 25,404  
Gross profit
     8,699       3,590       412       (8,189 )
Operating (loss) (1)
     (1,708 )     (7,900 )     (9,589 )     (17,231 )
Net loss
     (1,060 )     (7,477 )     (9,004 )     (16,920 )
                                 
Loss per share:
                                
Basic
   $ (0.08 )   $ (0.53 )   $ (0.64 )   $ (1.20 )
Diluted
   $ (0.08 )   $ (0.53 )   $ (0.64 )   $ (1.20 )
                                 
Weighted average number of shares:
                          
Basic
     13,969       13,986       14,026       14,066  
Diluted
     13,969       13,986       14,026       14,066  
                                 
   
For the Quarters ended
  
   
March 31
    
June 30
    
September 30
    
December 31
  
2007 Quarters:
                                
Revenues, net
   $ 32,802     $ 27,784     $ 23,969     $ 32,576  
Gross profit
     8,975       7,151       5,766       9,723  
Operating (loss) (2)
     (2,243 )     (3,887 )     (5,250 )     (2,900 )
Net loss
     (1,901 )     (2,497 )     (4,057 )     (1,519 )
                                 
Loss per share:
                                
Basic
   $ (0.14 )   $ (0.18 )   $ (0.29 )   $ (0.11 )
Diluted
   $ (0.14 )   $ (0.18 )   $ (0.29 )   $ (0.11 )
                                 
Weighted average number of shares:
                          
Basic
     13,908       13,931       13,956       13,965  
Diluted
     13,908       13,931       13,956       13,965  
 
Note:  Quarterly and year-to-date computations of per share amounts are made independently. Therefore, the sum of per share amounts for the quarters may not equal per share amounts for the year.
 
(1)
The quarter ended June 30, 2008 and September 30, 2008 includes executive severance costs of $0.7 million and $0.3 million, respectively.  The quarter ended December 31, 2008 includes facilities realignment costs of $0.1 million and a contract loss of $10.3 million.
 
(2)
The quarter ended September 30, 2007 includes facilities realignment costs of $0.1 million.  The quarter ended December 31, 2007 includes facilities realignment costs of $0.9 million.
 
Our results of operations have varied, and are expected to continue to vary, from quarter to quarter. These fluctuations result from a number of factors including, among other things, the timing of commencement, completion or cancellation of major contracts. In the future, our revenue may also fluctuate as a result of a number of additional factors, including the types of products we market and sell, delays or costs associated with acquisitions, government regulatory initiatives and conditions in the healthcare industry generally. Revenue, generally, is recognized as services are performed.  Program costs, other than training costs, are expensed as incurred. As a result, we may incur substantial expenses associated with staffing a new detailing program during the first two to three months of a contract without recognizing any revenue under that contract. This could have an adverse impact on our operating results for the quarters in which those expenses are incurred.  Revenue related to performance incentives is recognized in the period when the performance based parameters are achieved and payment is assured.  A significant portion of this revenue could be recognized in the first and fourth quarters of a year.
 

 
35
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

EFFECT OF NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
 
Recently Issued Standards
 
In December 2007, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued SFAS No. 141 (Revised 2007), “Business Combinations” (FAS 141R).  FAS 141R continues to require the purchase method of accounting to be applied to all business combinations, but it significantly changes the accounting for certain aspects of business combinations.  Under FAS 141R, an acquiring entity will be required to recognize all the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a transaction at the acquisition-date fair value with limited exceptions. FAS 141R will change the accounting treatment for certain specific acquisition related items including: (1) expensing acquisition related costs as incurred; (2) valuing noncontrolling interests at fair value at the acquisition date; and (3) expensing restructuring costs associated with an acquired business.  FAS 141R also includes a substantial number of new disclosure requirements.  FAS 141R is to be applied prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after January 1, 2009.  We expect FAS 141R will have an impact on our accounting for any future business combinations once adopted but the effect is dependent upon the nature and timing of any acquisitions that may be made in the future.
 
In June 2008, the FASB approved FASB Staff Position (FSP) EITF 03-6-1, “Determining Whether Instruments Granted in Share-Based Payment Transactions Are Participating Securities” (FSP EITF 03-6-1) which is effective January 1, 2009.  FSP EITF 03-6-1 clarifies that share-based payment awards that entitle holders to receive non-forfeitable dividends before they vest will be considered participating securities and included in the basic earnings per share calculation.  Prior to May 30, 2008, our stock award agreements provided for nonforfeitable dividend rights to unvested restricted stock awards and, consequently, these awards are participating securities as defined in this FSP.  On May 31, 2008, we revised our stock award agreements for future grants so that unvested shares are non-participating securities.  We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting FSP EITF 03-6-1 on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
 
Recently Adopted Standards
 
SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (FAS 157) defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. This standard is to be applied when other standards require or permit the use of fair value measurement of an asset or liability.  SFAS 157 was adopted on January 1, 2008 for all financial assets and liabilities and for nonfinancial assets and liabilities recognized or disclosed at fair value in our consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually). For all other nonfinancial assets and liabilities, SFAS 157 is effective on January 1, 2009.  The initial adoption of FAS 157 had no impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations; however, we are now required to provide additional disclosures as part of its financial statements.  See Note 6, Fair Value Measurements.  We are still in the process of evaluating this standard with respect to its effect on nonfinancial assets and liabilities and, therefore, have not yet determined the impact that it will have our financial statements upon full adoption in 2009.  Nonfinancial assets and liabilities for which we have not applied the provisions of FAS 157 include those measured at fair value in impairment testing and those initially measured at fair value in a business combination.
 
In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities-including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115” (FAS 159).  FAS 159 permits entities to elect to measure eligible financial instruments at fair value.  We would report unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected in earnings at each subsequent reporting date, and recognize upfront costs and fees related to those items in earnings as incurred and not deferred.  We adopted FAS 159 as of January 1, 2008.  We did not apply the fair value option to any of its outstanding instruments and, therefore, the adoption of FAS 159 did not have an impact on our financial condition or results of operations.
 

 
36
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

ITEM 7A.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 
We are exposed to market risk for changes in the market values of some of our investments (investment risk) and the effect of interest rate changes (interest rate risk).  Our financial instruments are not currently subject to foreign currency risk or commodity price risk.  We have no financial instruments held for trading purposes and we have no interest bearing long term or short term debt.  At December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, we did not hold any derivative financial instruments.
 
The objectives of our investment activities are: to preserve capital, maintain liquidity, and maximize returns without significantly increasing risk.  In accordance with our investment policy, we attempt to achieve these objectives by investing our cash in a variety of financial instruments.  These investments are principally restricted to government sponsored enterprises, high-grade bank obligations, investment-grade corporate bonds, certain money market funds of investment grade debt instruments such as obligations of the U.S. Treasury and U.S. Federal Government Agencies, municipal bonds and commercial paper.
 
Investments in both fixed rate and floating rate interest earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk.  Fixed rate securities may have their fair market value adversely impacted due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall.  Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if forced to sell securities that have seen a decline in market value due to changes in interest rates.   Our cash and cash equivalents and short term investments at December 31, 2008 were composed of the instruments described in the preceding paragraph.   If interest rates were to increase or decrease by one percent, the fair value of our investments would have an insignificant increase or decrease primarily due to the quality of the investments and the relative near term maturity.
 
 
ITEM 8.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
 
Financial statements and the financial statement schedules specified by this Item, together with the reports thereon of Ernst & Young LLP, are presented following Item 15 of this report.
 
 
ITEM 9.
CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES
 
None.
 
 
ITEM 9A.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 
(a)
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K.  Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms; and (ii) accumulated and communicated to management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 
 
 (b)
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2008, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on these criteria. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report appearing in this Form 10-K, which report expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008.
 
 
(c)
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2008 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal controls over financial reporting.
 

 
37
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

(d)                 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
 
The Board of Directors and Stockholders of PDI, Inc.
 
We have audited PDI, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). PDI Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
 
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances.  We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.  Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
In our opinion, PDI, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on the COSO criteria.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of PDI, Inc. as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008 of PDI, Inc. and our report dated March 11, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
 
 
/s/Ernst &Young LLP
   
MetroPark, New Jersey
  
March 11, 2009
  

 
38
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

ITEM 9B.
OTHER INFORMATION
 
None.
 
PART III
 
ITEM 10.
DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
 
Information relating to directors and executive officers of the registrant that is responsive to Item 10 of this Form 10-K will be included in our Proxy Statement in connection with our 2009 annual meeting of stockholders and such information is incorporated by reference herein.
 
 
ITEM 11.
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
 
Information relating to executive compensation that is responsive to Item 11 of this Form 10-K will be included in our Proxy Statement in connection with our 2009 annual meeting of stockholders and such information is incorporated by reference herein.
 
 
ITEM 12.
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
 
Information relating to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management that is responsive to Item 12 of this Form 10-K will be included in our Proxy Statement in connection with our 2009 annual meeting of stockholders and such information is incorporated by reference herein.
 
 
ITEM 13.
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
 
Information relating to certain relationships and related transactions that is responsive to Item 13 of this Form 10-K will be included in our Proxy Statement in connection with our 2009 annual meeting of stockholders and such information is incorporated by reference herein.
 
 
ITEM 14.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
 
Information relating to principal accounting fees and services that is responsive to Item 14 of this Form 10-K will be included in our Proxy Statement in connection with our 2009 annual meeting of stockholders and such information is incorporated by reference herein.
 

 
39
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

PART IV
 
 
ITEM 15.
EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
 
(a)
The following documents are filed as part of this Form 10-K:
 
 
(1)
Financial Statements – See Index to Financial Statements on page F-1 of this report.
 
 
(2)
Financial Statement Schedule
 
Schedule II:                           Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
 
All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
 
 
(3)
Exhibits
 
Exhibit No.
  
Description
     
3.1
  
Certificate of Incorporation of PDI, Inc. (1)
 
3.2
  
By-Laws of PDI, Inc. (1)
 
3.3
  
Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of PDI, Inc. (3)
 
4.1
  
Specimen Certificate Representing the Common Stock (1)
 
10.1*
  
1998 Stock Option Plan (1)
 
10.2*
  
2000 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (2)
 
10.3*
  
2004 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (4)
 
10.4*
  
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Employees, filed herewith.
 
10.5*
  
Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement for Employees, filed herewith.
 
10.6*
  
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Directors, filed herewith.
 
10.7*
  
Agreement between the Company and John P. Dugan (1)
 
10.8*
  
Employment Separation Agreement between the Company and Nancy Lurker (9)
 
10.9*
  
Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between the Company and Jeffrey Smith (10)
 
10.10*
  
Employment Separation Agreement between the Company and Michael Marquard (6)
 
10.11*
  
Employment Separation Agreement between the Company and Kevin Connolly (7)
 
10.12
  
Saddle River Executive Centre Lease (5)
 
10.13
  
Saddle River Executive Centre 2005 Sublease (5)
 
10.14
  
Saddle River Executive Centre 2007 Sublease (8)
     

 
40
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 


Exhibit No.
  
Description
     
21.1
  
Subsidiaries of the Registrant, filed herewith.
 
23.1
  
Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, filed herewith.
 
31.1
  
Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.
 
31.2
  
Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.
 
32.1
  
Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.
 
32.2
  
Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.
   
   
*
Denotes compensatory plan, compensation arrangement or management contract.
     
(1)
Filed as an exhibit to our Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No 333-46321), and incorporated herein by reference.
     
(2)
Filed as an exhibit to our definitive proxy statement dated May 10, 2000, and incorporated herein by reference.
     
(3)
Filed as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001, and incorporated herein by reference.
     
(4)
Filed as an exhibit to our definitive proxy statement dated April 28, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference.
     
(5)
Filed as an exhibit to our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference.
     
(6)
Filed as an exhibit to our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference.
   
(7)
Filed as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference.
   
(8)
Filed as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference.
   
(9)
Filed as an exhibit to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 18, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.
   
(10)
Filed as an exhibit to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 7, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference.

 

 
41
 
PDI, Inc.
Annual Report on Form 10-K (continued)
 

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 12th day of March, 2009.
 
PDI, INC.
   
 
/s/ Nancy Lurker
 
Nancy Lurker
 
Chief Executive Officer
   
POWER OF ATTORNEY
PDI, Inc., a Delaware Corporation, and each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints each of Nancy Lurker and Jeffrey E. Smith, and either of them, such person’s true and lawful attorney-in-fact, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for such person and in such person’s name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign on such person’s behalf, individually and in each capacity stated below, any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and other documents in connection therewith, and to file the same and all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing necessary or desirable to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, thereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Form 10-K has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated and on the 12th day of March, 2009.
Signature
  
Title
/s/ John P. Dugan
  
Chairman of the Board of Directors
John P. Dugan
    
     
/s/ Nancy Lurker
  
Chief Executive Officer and Director
Nancy Lurker
  
(principal executive officer)
     
/s/ Jeffrey E. Smith
  
Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
Jeffrey E. Smith
  
(principal accounting and financial officer)
     
/s/ John M. Pietruski
  
Director
John M. Pietruski
    
     
/s/ Jan Martens Vecsi
  
Director
Jan Martens Vecsi
    
     
/s/ Frank Ryan
  
Director
Frank Ryan
    
     
/s/ John Federspiel
  
Director
John Federspiel
    
     
/s/ Dr. Joseph T. Curti
  
Director
Dr. Joseph T. Curti
    
     
/s/ Stephen J. Sullivan
  
Director
Stephen J. Sullivan
    
     
/s/ Jack E. Stover
  
Director
Jack E. Stover
    
     
/s/ Gerald Belle
  
Director
Gerald Belle
    
     
/s/ Veronica Lubatkin
  
Director
Veronica Lubatkin
    

 
42
 
PDI, Inc.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
and Financial Statement Schedules
 

   
Page
   
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
F-2
   
Financial Statements
  
 
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2008 and 2007
F-3
     
 
Consolidated Statements of Operations for each of the three years
  
 
    in the period ended December 31, 2008
F-4
     
 
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for each of the three years
  
 
    in the period ended December 31, 2008
F-5
     
 
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three years
  
 
    in the period ended December 31, 2008
F-6
     
 
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
F-7
     
Schedule II.  Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
F-30
     
     

F-1
 
 
 


 
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
The Board of Directors and Stockholders of PDI, Inc.:
 
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of PDI, Inc. as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a). These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management.  Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements and schedule based on our audits.
 
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement.  An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements.  An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.  We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of PDI, Inc. at December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the consolidated results of its  operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008, in conformity with U.S. generally  accepted  accounting  principles.  Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), PDI, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 11, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
 

 
/s/Ernst &Young LLP
   
MetroPark, New Jersey
  
March 11, 2009
  
   






F-2
 
 
 

 
 
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
  
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
  
             
   
December 31,
    
December 31,
  
   
2008
    
2007
  
ASSETS
            
Current assets:
            
Cash and cash equivalents
   $ 90,074     $ 99,185  
Short-term investments
     159       7,800  
Accounts receivable, net
     15,786       22,751  
Unbilled costs and accrued profits on contracts in progress
     2,469       3,481  
Other current assets
     4,511       6,710  
Total current assets
     112,999       139,927  
Property and equipment, net
     5,423       8,348  
Goodwill
     13,612       13,612  
Other intangible assets, net
     13,388       14,669  
Other long-term assets
     3,614       2,998  
Total assets
   $ 149,036     $ 179,554  
                 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
                
Current liabilities:
                
Accounts payable
   $ 2,298     $ 2,792  
Unearned contract revenue
     3,678       8,459  
Accrued salary and bonus
     5,640       7,136  
Accrued contract loss
     10,021       -  
Other accrued expenses
     9,723       10,801  
Total current liabilities
     31,360       29,188  
Long-term liabilities
     10,569       10,177  
Total liabilities
     41,929       39,365  
                 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)
                
                 
Stockholders’ equity:
                
Preferred stock, $.01 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized, no
                
shares issued and outstanding
     -       -  
Common stock, $.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized;
                
15,272,704 and 15,222,715 shares issued, respectively;
                
14,223,669 and 14,183,236 shares outstanding, respectively
     153       152  
Additional paid-in capital
     121,908       120,422  
(Accumulated deficit)/retained  earnings
     (1,443 )     33,018  
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income
     (16 )     30  
Treasury stock, at cost (1,049,035 and 1,039,479 shares, respectively)
     (13,495 )     (13,433 )
Total stockholders' equity
     107,107       140,189  
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
   $ 149,036     $ 179,554  
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
  

 

 
F-3
 
 

PDI, INC.
  
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
  
(in thousands, except for per share data)
  
                   
   
For The Years Ended December 31,
  
   
2008
    
2007
    
2006
  
                   
Revenue, net
   $ 112,528     $ 117,131     $ 239,242  
Cost of services
     108,015       85,516       183,398  
Gross profit
     4,513       31,615       55,844  
                         
Operating expenses:
                        
Compensation expense
     22,838       24,516       28,075  
Other selling, general and administrative expenses
     16,532       20,023       22,610  
Executive severance
     1,237       -       573  
Legal and related costs, net
     258       335       (3,279 )
Facilities realignment
     75       1,021       1,952  
Total operating expenses
     40,940       45,895       49,931  
                         
Operating (loss) income
     (36,427 )     (14,280 )     5,913  
Interest income, net
     2,841       6,073       4,738  
                         
(Loss) income before income tax
     (33,586 )     (8,207 )     10,651  
Provision (benefit) for income tax
     875       1,767       (724 )
                         
(Loss) income from continuing operations
     (34,461 )     (9,974 )     11,375  
                         
Income from discontinued operations,
                        
 net of tax
     -       -       434  
                         
Net (loss) income
   $ (34,461 )   $ (9,974 )   $ 11,809  
                         
(Loss) income per share of common stock:
                        
Basic:
                        
Continuing operations
   $ (2.46 )   $ (0.72 )   $ 0.82  
Discontinued operations
     -       -       0.03  
    $ (2.46 )   $ (0.72 )   $ 0.85  
Assuming dilution:
                        
Continuing operations
   $ (2.46 )   $ (0.72 )   $ 0.81  
Discontinued operations
     -       -       0.03  
    $ (2.46 )   $ (0.72 )   $ 0.84  
                         
Weighted average number of common shares and
                        
common share equivalents outstanding:
                        
Basic
     14,012       13,940       13,859  
Assuming dilution
     14,012       13,940       13,994  
                         
                         
                         
                         
                         
                         
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
  

 

 
F-4
 
 

PDI, INC.
  
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
  
(in thousands)
  
                                     
   
For The Years Ended December 31,
  
   
2008
    
2007
    
2006
  
   
Shares
    
Amount
    
Shares
    
Amount
    
Shares
    
Amount
  
Common stock:
                                    
Balance at January 1
     15,223     $ 152       15,097     $ 151       14,948     $ 149  
Common stock issued
     64       1       -       -       -       -  
Restricted stock issued
     122       1       167       1       155       2  
Restricted stock forfeited
     (136 )     (1 )     (41 )     -       (23 )     -  
SARs exercised
     -       -       -       -       1       -  
Stock options exercised
     -       -       -       -       16       -  
Balance at December 31
     15,273       153       15,223       152       15,097       151  
Treasury stock:
                                                
Balance at January 1
     1,039       (13,433 )     1,018       (13,214 )     1,018       (13,214 )
Treasury stock purchased
     10       (62 )     21       (219 )     -       -  
Balance at December 31
     1,049       (13,495 )     1,039       (13,433 )     1,018       (13,214 )
Additional paid-in capital:
                                                
Balance at January 1
             120,422               119,189               118,325  
Common stock issued
             299               -               -  
Restricted stock issued
             (1 )             (1 )             (2 )
Restricted stock forfeited
             (7 )             (164 )             (95 )
Stock-based compensation expense
       1,195               1,640               1,755  
Stock grants exercised
             -               -               87  
Excess tax (expense) benefit
                                                
 on stock-based compensation
             -               (242 )             23  
Reclassification of unamortized compensation
     -               -               (904 )
Balance at December 31
             121,908               120,422               119,189  
(Accumulated deficit)retained earnings:
                                          
Balance at January 1
             33,018               42,992               31,183  
Net (loss) income
             (34,461 )             (9,974 )             11,809  
Balance at December 31
             (1,443 )             33,018               42,992  
Accumulated other
                                                
  comprehensive (loss) income:
                                                
Balance at January 1
             30               79               71  
Reclassification of realized gain, net of tax
       (17 )             (76 )             (33 )
Unrealized holding (loss)/gain, net of tax
       (29 )             27               41  
Balance at December 31
             (16 )             30               79  
Unamortized compensation costs:
                                                
Balance at January 1
             -               -               (904 )
Reclassification to additional paid-in capital
       -               -               904  
Balance at December 31
             -               -               -  
Total stockholders' equity
             107,107               140,189               149,197  
Comprehensive (loss) income:
                                                
Net (loss) income
           $ (34,461 )           $ (9,974 )           $ 11,809  
Reclassification of realized gain, net of tax
       (17 )             (76 )             (33 )
Unrealized holding gain, net of tax
             (29 )             27               41  
Total comprehensive (loss) income
           $ (34,507 )           $ (10,023 )           $ 11,817  
                                                 
                                                 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
  
 

 
F-5
 
 

 
 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
  
(in thousands)
  
                   
   
For The Years Ended December 31,
  
   
2008
    
2007
    
2006
  
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
                  
Net (loss) income from operations
   $ (34,461 )   $ (9,974 )   $ 11,809  
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash
                        
provided by operating activities:
                        
Depreciation, amortization and accretion
     4,613       5,607       5,764  
Deferred income taxes, net
     331       1,113       2,710  
(Recovery of) provision for bad debt, net
     31       (15 )     (728 )
(Recovery of) provision for doubtful notes, net
     -       (150 )     (250 )
Stock-based compensation
     1,487       1,476       1,660  
Excess tax expense (benefit) from stock-based compensation
     -       242       (23 )
Other (gains), losses and expenses, net
     (15 )     90       -  
Non-cash facilities realignment
     75       796       1,295  
Other changes in assets and liabilities:
                        
Decrease in accounts receivable
     6,965       2,680       2,460  
Decrease in unbilled costs
     1,012       743       1,750  
Decrease in other current assets
     554       4,858       4,593  
Decrease in other long-term assets
     1,023       375       185  
Decrease in accounts payable
     (494 )     (1,123 )     (1,778 )
(Decrease) increase in unearned contract revenue
     (4,781 )     (5,793 )     1,654  
Decrease in accrued salaries and bonus
     (1,496 )     (3,056 )     (3,170 )
Increase in accrued contract loss
     10,021       -       -  
(Decrease) increase in accrued liabilities
     (829 )     (5,224 )     (8,489 )
(Decrease) increase in long-term liabilities
     (27 )     1,179       243  
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities
     (15,991 )     (6,176 )     19,685  
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
                        
Purchase of available-for-sale investments
     -       (11,700 )     (32,585 )
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale investments
     -       44,285       -  
Purchase of held-to-maturity investments
     (15,050 )     (24,290 )     (61,216 )
Proceeds from maturities of held-to-maturity investments
     22,391       53,165       29,920  
Repayments from Xylos
     -       150       250  
Purchase of property and equipment
     (399 )     (1,009 )     (1,770 )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
     6,942       60,601       (65,401 )
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
                        
Excess tax (expense) benefit from stock-based compensation
             (242 )     23  
Proceeds from exercise of stock options
     -       -       87  
Cash paid for repurchase of restricted shares
     (62 )     (219 )     -  
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
     (62 )     (461 )     110  
                         
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents
     (9,111 )     53,964       (45,606 )
Cash and cash equivalents – beginning
     99,185       45,221       90,827  
Cash and cash equivalents – ending
   $ 90,074     $ 99,185     $ 45,221  
                         
Cash paid for interest
   $ -     $ 1     $ 2  
Cash paid for taxes
   $ 211     $ 123     $ 640  
                         
                         
                         
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
  


F-6
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

1.
Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies
 
Nature of Business
 
PDI, Inc. together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries (PDI or the Company) is a diversified sales and marketing services company serving the biopharmaceutical and life sciences industries.  See Note 20, Segment Information, for additional information.
 
Principles of Consolidation
 
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).  The consolidated financial statements include accounts of PDI and its wholly owned subsidiaries (TVG, Inc., ProtoCall, Inc., InServe Support Solutions, and PDI Investment Company, Inc.)  All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.  In the second quarter of 2006, the Company discontinued its Medical Device and Diagnostic (MD&D) business. The MD&D business was part of the Company's sales services reporting segment. The MD&D business is accounted for as a discontinued operation under GAAP and, therefore, the MD&D business results of operations have been removed from the Company's results of continuing operations for 2006.  See Note 19, Discontinued Operations.
 
Accounting Estimates
 
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Management's estimates are based on historical experience, facts and circumstances available at the time, and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.  Significant estimates include incentives earned or penalties incurred on contracts, loss contract provisions, valuation allowances related to deferred income taxes, self-insurance loss accruals, allowances for doubtful accounts and notes, income tax accruals and facilities realignment accruals.  The Company periodically reviews these matters and reflects changes in estimates as appropriate.  Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents
 
Cash and cash equivalents include unrestricted cash accounts, money market investments and highly liquid investment instruments with original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase.
 
Investments in Marketable Securities
 
Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value with the unrealized gains or losses, net of tax, included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary on available-for-sale securities are included in other income (expense), net. The fair values for marketable equity securities are based on quoted market prices.  Held-to-maturity investments are stated at amortized cost.  Interest income is accrued as earned.  Realized gains and losses are computed based upon specific identification and included in interest income, net in the consolidated statement of operations.  The Company does not have any investments classified as “trading.”
 
Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
 
Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest.  Management reviews a customer’s credit history before extending credit.  The Company has recorded a provision for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments based on historical experience and periodically adjusts these provisions to reflect actual experience.  Additionally, the Company will establish a specific allowance for doubtful accounts when the Company becomes aware of a specific customer’s inability or unwillingness to meet its financial obligations (e.g., bankruptcy filing).  Allowance for doubtful accounts was $0 as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.  The Company operates almost exclusively in the pharmaceutical industry and to a great extent its revenue is dependent on a limited number of large pharmaceutical companies.  The Company also partners with customers in the emerging pharmaceutical sector, some of whom may have limited financial resources.  A general downturn in the pharmaceutical industry or adverse material event to one or more of the Company’s emerging pharmaceutical customers could result in higher than expected customer defaults and additional allowances may be required.
 

F-7
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

Unbilled Costs and Accrued Profits and Unearned Contract Revenue
 
In general, contractual provisions, including predetermined payment schedules or submission of appropriate billing detail, establish the prerequisites for billings.  Unbilled costs and accrued profits arise when services have been rendered and payment is assured but customers have not been billed.  These amounts are classified as a current asset.  Normally, in the case of detailing contracts, the customers agree to pay the Company a portion of the fee due under a contract in advance of performance of services because of large recruiting and employee development costs associated with the beginning of a contract.  The excess of amounts billed over revenue recognized represents unearned contract revenue, which is classified as a current liability.
 
Loans and Investments in Privately Held Entities
 
From time to time, the Company makes investments in and/or loans to privately-held companies.  The Company determines whether the fair values of any investments in privately held entities have declined below their carrying value whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate that recorded values may not be recoverable.  If the Company considers any such decline to be other than temporary (based on various factors, including historical financial results, and the overall health of the investee’s industry), a write-down is recorded to estimated fair value.  On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews outstanding loans receivable to determine if a provision for doubtful notes is necessary.  These reviews include discussions with senior management of the investee, and evaluations of, among other things, the investee’s progress against its business plan, its product development activities and customer base, industry market conditions, historical and projected financial performance, expected cash needs and recent funding events.  The Company records interest income on the impaired loans; however, that amount is fully reserved if the investee is not making its interest payments.  Subsequent cash receipts on the outstanding interest would be applied against the outstanding interest receivable balance and the corresponding allowance.  The Company’s assessments of value are highly subjective given that these companies may be at an early stage of development and rely regularly on their investors for cash infusions.  At December 31, 2008 and 2007, the allowance for doubtful notes was approximately $500,000.  See Note 5, Loans and Investments in Privately-Held Entities, for additional information.
 
Property and Equipment
 
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation.  Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method, based on estimated useful lives of seven to ten years for furniture and fixtures, three to five years for office and computer equipment and ten years for phone systems.  Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated service lives or the terms of the related leases.  Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred.  Upon disposition, the asset and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the related accounts and any gains or losses are reflected in operations.  As the prices of computer desktops and laptops continue to decline, more of these computer purchases are falling short of the Company’s minimum price threshold for capitalization and are being expensed.
 
Software Costs
 
It is the Company’s policy to capitalize certain costs incurred in connection with developing or obtaining internal-use software.  Capitalized software costs are included in property and equipment on the consolidated balance sheet and amortized over the software's useful life, generally three to seven years.  Software costs that do not meet capitalization criteria are expensed immediately.
 
Concentration of Credit Risk
 
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and investments in marketable securities. The Company maintains deposits in federally insured financial institutions.  The Company also holds investments in Treasury money market funds that maintain an average portfolio maturity under 90 days and, under the temporary guarantee program for money market funds, are insured by the United States Treasury.  Deposits held with financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits; however, management believes the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the financial institutions in which those deposits are held and the nature of the investments.
 

F-8
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 
The Company considers carrying amounts of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses to approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments.  Marketable securities classified as “available for sale” are carried at fair value.   Marketable securities classified as “held-to-maturity” are carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.  The fair value of letters of credit is determined to be $0 as management does not expect any material losses to result from these instruments because performance is not expected to be required.
 
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 
The Company allocates the cost of acquired companies to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired, with the remaining amount being classified as goodwill.  Since the entities the Company has acquired do not have significant tangible assets, a significant portion of the purchase price has been allocated to intangible assets and goodwill.  The identification and valuation of these intangible assets and the determination of the estimated useful lives at the time of acquisition, as well as the completion of annual impairment tests require significant management judgments and estimates.  These estimates are made based on, among other factors, consultations with an accredited independent valuation consultant, reviews of projected future operating results and business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows and the cost of capital.  The use of alternative estimates and assumptions could increase or decrease the estimated fair value of goodwill and other intangible assets, and potentially result in a different impact to the Company’s results of operations.  Further, changes in business strategy and/or market conditions may significantly impact these judgments thereby impacting the fair value of these assets, which could result in an impairment of the goodwill and acquired intangible assets.
 
The Company tests goodwill for impairment at least annually and whenever events or circumstances change that indicate impairment may have occurred.  These events or circumstances could include a significant long-term adverse change in the business climate, poor indicators of operating performance or a sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit.  The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is one level below its operating segments.  Goodwill has been assigned to the reporting units to which the value of the goodwill relates.  The Company currently has six reporting units; however, only one reporting unit, Pharmakon, includes goodwill.  Goodwill is tested by estimating the fair value of the reporting unit using a discounted cash flow model.  The estimated fair value of the reporting unit is then compared with the carrying value including goodwill, to determine if any impairment exists.  In assessing the recoverability of goodwill, projections regarding estimated future cash flows and other factors are made to determine the fair value of the respective reporting units.  The key estimates and factors used in the discounted cash flow valuation include revenue growth rates and profit margins based on internal forecasts, terminal value and the weighted-average cost of capital used to discount future cash flows.  While the Company uses available information to prepare estimates and to perform impairment evaluations, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates or related projections, resulting in impairment related to recorded goodwill balances.
 
The testing performed as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, indicated an excess of estimated fair value over book value for Pharmakon. This unit had goodwill of $13.6 million, carrying value of $25.4 million and estimated fair value of $27.2 million.  If the Company’s projected long-term sales growth rate, profit margins, or terminal rate are considerably lower, and/or the assumed weighted average cost of capital is considerably higher, future testing may indicate impairment in this reporting unit and, as a result, the related goodwill may also be impaired.  See Note 4, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for additional information.
 
Long-Lived Assets
 
The Company reviews the recoverability of long-lived assets and finite-lived intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable.  If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recognized by reducing the recorded value of the asset to its fair value measured by future discounted cash flows.  This analysis requires estimates of the amount and timing of projected cash flows and, where applicable, judgments associated with, among other factors, the appropriate discount rate.  Such estimates are critical in determining whether any impairment charge should be recorded and the amount of such charge if an impairment loss is deemed to be necessary.  In addition, future events impacting cash flows for existing assets could render a write-down or write-off necessary that previously required no such write-down or write-off.
 

F-9
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

In 2007 the Company recorded a non-cash charge of approximately $1.1 million related to computer equipment, furniture and leasehold improvements primarily due to the outsourcing of the Company’s computer data center space at its Saddle River, New Jersey location.  In December 2007, the Company relocated its data center to a secured, hosted facility.  See Note 16, Facilities Realignment, for additional information.  Additionally, in 2007, the Company recorded a non-cash charge of approximately $42,000 related to the impairment of certain capitalized software development costs associated with one of its web portals.  In 2006, the Company recorded a non-cash charge of approximately $1.3 million for furniture and leasehold improvements related to the excess leased space at its Saddle River, New Jersey and Dresher, Pennsylvania locations.  See Note 16, Facilities Realignment, for additional information.
 
Self-Insurance Accruals
 
Prior to October 1, 2008, the Company was self-insured for certain losses for claims filed and claims incurred but not reported relating to workers’ compensation and automobile-related liabilities for Company-leased cars.  Beginning October 1, 2008, the Company is fully-insured through an outside carrier for these losses.  The Company’s liability for claims filed and claims incurred but not reported prior to October 1, 2008 is estimated on an actuarial undiscounted basis supplied by its insurance brokers and insurers using individual case-based valuations and statistical analysis and is based upon judgment and historical experience, however, the final cost of many of these claims may not be known for five years or longer.  The Company also is self-insured for benefits paid under employee healthcare programs.  The Company’s liability for healthcare claims is estimated using an underwriting determination which is based on current year’s average lag days between when a claim is incurred to when it is paid.  The Company maintains stop-loss coverage with third-party insurers to limit its total exposure on all of these programs.  Periodically, the Company evaluates the level of insurance coverage and adjusts insurance levels based on risk tolerance and premium expense.  Management reviews its self-insurance accruals on a quarterly basis.  At December 31, 2008 and 2007, self-insurance accruals totaled $1.9 million and $2.9 million, respectively, and are included in other accrued expenses on the balance sheet.
 
Contingencies
 
In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to various contingencies.  Contingencies are recorded in the consolidated financial statements when it is probable that a liability will be incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, or otherwise disclosed.  The Company is currently involved in certain legal proceedings and, as required, the Company has accrued its estimate of the probable costs for the resolution of these claims. These estimates are developed in consultation with outside counsel and are based upon an analysis of potential results, assuming a combination of litigation and settlement strategies.  Predicting the outcome of claims and litigation, and estimating related costs and exposures, involves substantial uncertainties that could cause actual costs to vary materially from estimates.
 
Revenue and Associated Costs
 
Revenue and associated costs under pharmaceutical detailing contracts are generally based on the number of physician details made or the number of sales representatives utilized.  With respect to risk-based contracts, all or a portion of revenues earned are based on contractually defined percentages of either product revenues or the market value of prescriptions written and filled in a given period.  These contracts are generally for terms of one to two years and may be renewed or extended.  The majority of these contracts, however, are terminable by the customer for any reason upon 30 to 90 days’ notice.  Certain contracts provide for termination payments if the customer terminates the agreement without cause.  Typically, however, these penalties do not offset the revenue the Company could have earned under the contract or the costs the Company may incur as a result of its termination.
 
The loss or termination of a large pharmaceutical detailing contract or the loss of multiple contracts could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.  Historically, the Company has derived a significant portion of its service revenue from a limited number of customers.  Concentration of business in the pharmaceutical services industry is common and the industry continues to consolidate.  As a result, the Company is likely to continue to experience significant customer concentration in future periods.  For the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company’s three largest customers, who each individually represented 10% or more of its service revenue, together accounted for approximately 52.5% and 37.9% of its service revenue, respectively.  For the year ended December 31, 2006 the Company’s two largest customers, who each individually represented 10% or more of its service revenue, together accounted for approximately 46.8% of its service revenue. See Note 14, Significant Customers.
 

F-10
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

Revenue and associated costs under marketing service contracts are generally based on a single deliverable such as a promotional program, accredited continuing medical education seminar or marketing research/advisory program.  The contracts are generally terminable by the customer for any reason.  Upon termination, the customer is generally responsible for payment for all work completed to date, plus the cost of any nonrefundable commitments made on behalf of the customer.  There is significant customer concentration in the Company’s Pharmakon business, and the loss or termination of one or more of Pharmakon’s large master service agreements could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.  Due to the typical size of most contracts of TVG Marketing Research and Consulting (TVG) and Vital Issues in Medicine (VIM)®, it is unlikely the loss or termination of any individual TVG or VIM contract would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.
 
Service revenue is recognized on product detailing programs and certain marketing, promotional and medical education contracts as services are performed and the right to receive payment for the services is assured. Many of the product detailing contracts allow for additional periodic incentive fees to be earned if certain performance benchmarks have been attained. Revenue earned from incentive fees is recognized in the period earned and when the Company is reasonably assured that payment will be made.  Under performance based contracts, revenue is recognized when the performance based parameters are achieved.  Many contracts also stipulate penalties if agreed upon performance benchmarks have not been met.  Revenue is recognized net of any potential penalties until the performance criteria relating to the penalties have been achieved.  Commissions based revenue is recognized when performance is completed.  Revenue from recruiting and hiring contracts is recognized at the time the candidate begins full-time employment less a provision for sales allowances based on contractual commitments and historical experience.  Revenue and associated costs from marketing research contracts are recognized upon completion of the contract.  These contracts are generally short-term in nature typically lasting two to six months.
 
Under its promotional program included in the product commercialization segment, the Company recognizes revenue quarterly based on a specified formula set forth in our product commercialization agreement with Novartis related to product sales for the quarter.  The Company will not receive any compensation during any quarter in which product sales are below certain thresholds established for that quarter as set forth in the agreement.  Revenues recognized (if any) under this agreement will be directly impacted by prescription data provided by a third party vendor and other information provided by Novartis.  Additionally, the Company must perform a minimum number of sales calls to designated physicians each year, and the failure to satisfy this requirement could result in penalties being imposed on PDI or provide the customer with the ability to terminate the agreement.
 
Cost of services consist primarily of the costs associated with executing product detailing programs, performance based contracts or other sales and marketing services identified in the contract. Cost of services include personnel costs and other costs associated with executing a product detailing or other marketing or promotional program, as well as the initial direct costs associated with staffing a product detailing program. Such costs include, but are not limited to, facility rental fees, honoraria and travel expenses, sample expenses and other promotional expenses.
 
Personnel costs, which constitute the largest portion of cost of services, include all labor related costs, such as salaries, bonuses, fringe benefits and payroll taxes for the sales representatives, sales managers and professional staff that are directly responsible for executing a particular program. Initial direct program costs are those costs associated with initiating a product detailing program, such as recruiting, hiring, and training the sales representatives who staff a particular product detailing program. All personnel costs and initial direct program costs, other than training costs, are expensed as incurred for service offerings.
 
Reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses include those relating to travel and other similar costs, for which the Company is reimbursed at cost by its customers.  Reimbursements received for out-of-pocket expenses incurred are characterized as revenue and an identical amount is included as cost of goods and services in the consolidated statements of operations.  For the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses were $12.6 million, $14.3 million and $25.3 million, respectively.
 

F-11
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

Training costs include the costs of training the sales representatives and managers on a particular product detailing program so that they are qualified to properly perform the services specified in the related contract.  For the majority of the Company’s contracts, training costs are reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses.  For contracts where the Company is responsible for training costs, these costs are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the life of the contract to which they relate or 12 months.
 
Contract Loss Provisions
 
Provisions for losses to be incurred on contracts are recognized in full in the period in which it is determined that a loss will result from performance of the contractual arrangement.  Performance based contracts have the potential for higher returns but also an increased risk of contract loss as compared to the traditional fee for service contracts.  The Company recognized a contract loss related to its existing product commercialization agreement in 2008.  See Note 10 for more details.
 
Treasury Stock
 
Treasury stock purchases are accounted for under the cost method whereby the entire cost of the acquired stock is recorded as treasury stock.  Upon reissuance of shares, the Company records any difference between the weighted-average cost of such shares and any proceeds received as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital.
 
Stock-Based Compensation
 
On January 1, 2006, the Company adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 123, (Revised 2004) “Share-Based Payment” (FAS 123R), using the modified prospective approach. Under the modified prospective approach, the amount of compensation cost recognized includes: (i) compensation cost for all share-based payments granted before but not yet vested as of January 1, 2006, based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of SFAS No. 123, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation” (FAS No.123) and (ii) compensation cost for all share-based payments granted or modified subsequent to January 1, 2006, based on the estimated fair value at the date of grant or subsequent modification date in accordance with the provisions of FAS 123R.  Prior to January 1, 2006, the Company accounted for stock-based employee compensation using the intrinsic value method under the recognition and measurement principles of Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, “Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees.”
 
FAS 123R requires any income tax benefits realized upon the exercise of stock options or issuance of restricted share awards in excess of that which is associated with the expense recognized for financial reporting purposes be presented as a financing activity rather than as an operating activity in the consolidated statement of cash flows.  FAS 123R also requires that the Company recognize compensation expense for only the portion of stock options, stock-settled stock appreciation rights (SARs) or restricted shares that are expected to vest.  Therefore, the Company applies estimated forfeiture rates that are derived from historical employee termination behavior.  The Company applied a forfeiture rate to certain grants in 2007 and 2006.  If the actual number of forfeitures differs from those estimated by management, adjustments to compensation expense might be required in future periods.
 
The Company had no cumulative effect adjustment upon adoption of FAS 123R under the modified prospective method.  As a result of adopting FAS 123R on January 1, 2006, net income and net income per share for the year ended December 31, 2006 were $290,000 and $0.02 lower, respectively, than if the Company had continued to account for stock-based compensation under APB 25.  See Note 13, Stock-Based Compensation, for further information regarding the Company’s stock-based compensation assumptions and expenses.
 
Rent Expense
 
Minimum rental expenses are recognized over the term of the lease.  The Company recognizes minimum rent starting when possession of the property is taken from the landlord, which normally includes a construction period prior to occupancy.  When a lease contains a predetermined fixed escalation of the minimum rent, the Company recognizes the related rent expense on a straight-line basis and records the difference between the recognized rental expense and the amounts payable under the lease as deferred lease credits.  The Company also may receive tenant allowances including cash or rent abatements, which are reflected in other accrued expenses and long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and are amortized as a reduction to rent expense over the term of the lease.  Certain leases provide for contingent rents that are not measurable at inception.  These contingent rents are primarily based upon use of utilities and the landlord’s operating expenses.  These amounts are excluded from minimum rent and are included in the determination of total rent expense when it is probable that the expense has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable.
 

F-12
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

Advertising
 
The Company recognizes advertising costs as incurred.  The total amounts charged to advertising expense, which is included in other SG&A, were approximately $378,000, $290,000 and $825,000 for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
 
Income taxes
 
The Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Interpretation No. 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes - an Interpretation of FASB Statement 109” (FIN 48) on January 1, 2007.  FIN 48 prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attributes for financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns. In addition, FIN 48 provides guidance on derecognition, classification and disclosure of tax positions, as well as the accounting for related interest and penalties.  The Company’s adoption of FIN 48 did not have a material effect on its financial position or results of operations.
 
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method.  This method requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences that currently exist between tax bases and financial reporting bases of the Company’s assets and liabilities based on enacted tax laws and rates.  A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce the deferred income tax assets when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.
 
The Company operates in multiple tax jurisdictions and provides taxes in each jurisdiction where it conducts business and is subject to taxation.  The breadth of the Company’s operations and the complexity of the tax law require assessments of uncertainties and judgments in estimating the ultimate taxes the Company will pay.  The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions, outcomes of tax litigation and resolution of proposed assessments arising from federal and state audits.  Uncertain tax positions are accounted for under FIN 48.  FIN 48 requires that a position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return be recognized in the financial statements when it is more likely than not (i.e., a likelihood of more than fifty percent) that the position would be sustained upon examination by tax authorities that have full knowledge of all relevant information. A recognized tax position is then measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company adjusts accruals for unrecognized tax benefits as facts and circumstances change, such as the progress of a tax audit. The Company believes that any potential audit adjustments will not have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or liquidity. However, any adjustments made may be material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations or cash flows for a reporting period.
 
Significant judgment is also required in evaluating the need for and magnitude of appropriate valuation allowances against deferred tax assets.  Deferred tax assets are regularly reviewed for recoverability.  The Company currently has significant deferred tax assets resulting from net operating loss carryforwards and deductible temporary differences, which should reduce taxable income in future periods.  The realization of these assets is dependent on generating future taxable income.
 
Comprehensive Income
 
Comprehensive income includes net income and the net unrealized gains and losses on investment securities, net of tax.  Other comprehensive income is net of reclassification adjustments to adjust for items currently included in net income, such as realized gains and losses on investment securities.  The deferred tax benefit for unrealized holding losses arising from investment securities during the year ended December 31, 2008 was $11,000.  The deferred tax expense for unrealized holding gains arising from investment securities during the year ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 was $18,000 and $26,000, respectively.  The deferred tax expense for reclassification adjustments for gains included in net income on investment securities during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 was $11,000, $48,000 and $20,000, respectively.
 
Reclassifications
 
The Company reclassified certain prior period financial statements balances to conform to the current year presentation.
 

F-13
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

Recently Issued Standards
 
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141 (Revised 2007), “Business Combinations” (FAS 141R).  FAS 141(R) requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting, defines the acquirer, establishes the acquisition date and broadens the scope to all transactions and other events in which one entity obtains control over one or more other businesses. FAS 141R will change the accounting treatment for certain specific acquisition related items including: (1) expensing acquisition related costs as incurred; (2) valuing noncontrolling interests at fair value at the acquisition date; and (3) expensing restructuring costs associated with an acquired business.  FAS 141R also includes a substantial number of new disclosure requirements.  This statement is effective for business combinations or transactions entered into for fiscal years beginning on or after December 15, 2008.  The Company expects FAS 141R will have an impact on accounting for business combinations once adopted but the effect is dependent upon acquisitions at that time.
 
In June 2008, the FASB approved FASB Staff Position (FSP) EITF 03-6-1, “Determining Whether Instruments Granted in Share-Based Payment Transactions Are Participating Securities” (FSP EITF 03-6-1) which is effective January 1, 2009.  FSP EITF 03-6-1 clarifies that share-based payment awards that entitle holders to receive non-forfeitable dividends before they vest will be considered participating securities and included in the basic earnings per share calculation.  Prior to May 30, 2008, the Company’s stock award agreements provided for nonforfeitable dividend rights to unvested restricted stock awards and, consequently, these awards are participating securities as defined in this FSP.  On May 31, 2008, the Company revised its stock award agreements for future grants so that unvested shares are non-participating securities.  The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting FSP EITF 03-6-1 on its consolidated financial position and results of operations.
 
Recently Adopted Standards
 
SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (FAS 157) defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. This standard is to be applied when other standards require or permit the use of fair value measurement of an asset or liability.  SFAS 157 was adopted on January 1, 2008 for all financial assets and liabilities and for nonfinancial assets and liabilities recognized or disclosed at fair value in the Company’s consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually). For all other nonfinancial assets and liabilities, SFAS 157 is effective on January 1, 2009.  The initial adoption of FAS 157 had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations; however, the Company is now required to provide additional disclosures as part of its financial statements.  See Note 11, Fair Value Measurements.  The Company is still in the process of evaluating this standard with respect to its effect on nonfinancial assets and liabilities and, therefore, has not yet determined the impact that it will have on the Company’s financial statements upon full adoption in 2009.  Nonfinancial assets and liabilities for which the Company has not applied the provisions of FAS 157 include those measured at fair value in impairment testing and those initially measured at fair value in a business combination.
 
In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities-including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115” (FAS 159).  FAS 159 permits entities to elect to measure eligible financial instruments at fair value.  The Company would report unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected in earnings at each subsequent reporting date, and recognize upfront costs and fees related to those items in earnings as incurred.  The Company adopted FAS 159 as of January 1, 2008.  The Company did not apply the fair value option to any of its outstanding instruments.
 
 
2.
Investments in Marketable Securities
 
The Company’s available-for-sale investments are carried at fair value and consist of assets in a rabbi trust associated with its deferred compensation plan at December 31, 2008 and 2007.  Marketable securities classified as available-for-sale are carried at fair value.  At December 31, 2008 and 2007, the carrying value of available-for-sale securities was approximately $159,000 and $459,000, respectively, which are included in short-term investments.  The available-for-sale securities within the Company’s deferred compensation plan at December 31, 2008 and 2007 consisted of approximately $103,000 and $198,000 respectively, in money market accounts, and approximately $56,000 and $261,000, respectively, in mutual funds.  At December 31, 2008 and 2007, included in accumulated other comprehensive income were gross unrealized gains of approximately $0 and $51,000, respectively, and gross unrealized losses of approximately $27,000 and $2,000, respectively.  In years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, included in other income, net were gross realized gains of approximately $29,000 and $126,000, respectively, and no gross realized losses.
 

F-14
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

The Company’s other marketable securities consist of investment grade debt instruments such as obligations of U.S. Treasury and U.S. Federal Government agencies.  These investments are categorized as held-to-maturity because the Company’s management has the intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity.  Marketable securities classified as held-to-maturity are carried at amortized cost which approximates fair value. Certain held-to-maturity investments are maintained in separate accounts to support the Company’s letters of credit.  The Company has standby letters of credit of approximately $5.9 million and $7.3 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, as collateral for its existing insurance policies and its facility leases.
 
At December 31, 2008 and 2007, held-to-maturity investments were included in short-term investments (approximately $0 million and $7.3 million, respectively), other current assets (approximately $2.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively) and other long-term assets (approximately $3.6 million and $3.0 million, respectively).  At December 31, 2008 and 2007, held-to-maturity investments included:

         
Maturing
          
Maturing
   
December 31,
    
within
    
1 year
    
December 31,
    
within
    
1 year
   
2008
    
1 year
    
to 3 years
    
2007
    
1 year
    
to 3 years
Short-term investments:
                                  
Corporate debt securities
   $ -     $ -     $ -     $ 7,340     $ 7,340     $ -
Investments supporting letters of credit:
                                              
Cash/money market accounts
     733       733       -       2,390       2,390       -
US Treasury securities
     2,043       1,000       1,043       1,498       500       998
Government agency securities
     3,071       500       2,571       3,400       1,400       2,000
      5,847       2,233       3,614       7,288       4,290       2,998
Total
   $ 5,847     $ 2,233     $ 3,614     $ 14,628     $ 11,630     $ 2,998
                                               
 
3.
Property and Equipment
 
Property and equipment consisted of the following as of December 31, 2008 and 2007:
 
   
December 31,
  
   
2008
    
2007
  
Furniture and fixtures
   $ 3,281     $ 3,281  
Office equipment
     1,306       1,465  
Computer equipment
     4,800       4,773  
Computer software
     9,580       9,496  
Leasehold improvements
     6,036       6,023  
      25,003       25,038  
Less accumulated depreciation
     (19,580 )     (16,690 )
    $ 5,423     $ 8,348  
 
 
                
Depreciation expense was approximately $3.3 million, $3.1 million and $3.3 million, for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.  Included in depreciation expense is amortization expense for capitalized computer software cost of approximately $0.9 million, $1.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
 
In 2007, the Company recorded a non-cash charge of approximately $1.0 million for furniture and leasehold improvements related to the excess leased space at its Saddle River, New Jersey and Dresher, Pennsylvania locations.  See Note 14, Facilities Realignment, for additional information.
 
 
4.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 
There have been no changes in the carrying amount of goodwill of $13.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007.
 

F-15
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

All intangible assets recorded as of December 31, 2008 are attributable to the acquisition of Pharmakon and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the lives of the intangibles, which range from 5 to 15 years.  The net carrying value of the identifiable intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 is as follows:

   
As of December 31, 2008
    
As of December 31, 2007
   
Carrying
    
Accumulated
          
Carrying
    
Accumulated
      
   
Amount
    
Amortization
    
Net
    
Amount
    
Amortization
    
Net
Covenant not to compete
   $ 140     $ 121     $ 19     $ 140     $ 93     $ 47
Customer relationships
     16,300       4,709       11,591       16,300       3,622       12,768
Corporate tradename
     2,500       722       1,778       2,500       556       1,944
Total
   $ 18,940     $ 5,552     $ 13,388     $ 18,940     $ 4,271     $ 14,669
 

  Amortization expense related to continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 was approximately $1.3 million for each of the three years,
  respectively.  Estimated amortization expense for the next five years is as follows:
 
2009
  
2010
  
2011
  
2012
  
2013
 $      1,272
  
 $      1,253
  
 $      1,253
  
 $      1,253
  
 $      1,253
 
5.
Loans and Investments in Privately-Held Entities
 
In October 2002, the Company acquired $1.0 million of preferred stock of Xylos Corporation (Xylos). In addition, the Company provided Xylos with short-term loans totaling $500,000 in the first half of 2004. The Company determined its $1.0 million investment and $500,000 short-term loan to Xylos were impaired as of December 31, 2004.  The Company wrote its $1.0 million investment down to zero and established an allowance for credit losses against the $500,000 short-term loan.  Xylos made loan payments totaling $150,000, $250,000, and $100,000 in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively and the loan has been repaid in full. These payments were recorded as credits to bad debt expense in the periods in which they were received.
 
In May 2004, the Company entered into a loan agreement with TMX Interactive, Inc. (TMX), a provider of sales force effectiveness technology.  Pursuant to the loan agreement, the Company provided TMX with a term loan facility of $500,000 and a convertible loan facility of $500,000, both of which were due on November 26, 2005.  In 2005, due to TMX’s continued losses and uncertainty regarding its future prospects, the Company established an allowance for credit losses against the TMX loans.  From 2005 to 2007, TMX provided services to the Company valued at $500,000 and the receipt of services in lieu of cash payment was recorded as a credit to bad debt expense and a reduction of the receivable in the respective periods.  At December 31, 2008, the loan receivable has a balance of $500,000, which is fully reserved.
 
 
6.
Retirement Plans
 
The Company offers an employee 401(k) saving plan.  Under the PDI, Inc. 401(k) Plan, employees may contribute up to 25% of their pre-tax compensation.  Effective January 1, 2004, the Company makes a safe harbor non-elective contribution in an amount equal to 100% of the participant’s base salary contributed up to 3% plus 50% of the participant’s base salary contributed exceeding 3% but not more than 5%.  Prior to January 1, 2004, the Company made cash contributions in an amount equal to 100% of the participant’s base salary contributed up to 2%.  Participants are not allowed to invest any of their 401(k) funds in the Company’s common stock.  The Company’s total contribution expense related to the Company’s 401(k) plans for 2008, 2007 and 2006 was approximately $0.8 million, $0.7 million, and $1.3 million, respectively.
 
7.
Deferred Compensation Arrangements
 
Beginning in 2000, the Company established a deferred compensation arrangement whereby a portion of certain employees’ salaries is withheld and placed in a rabbi trust.  The plan permits the participants to diversify these assets through a variety of investment options.  Members of the Company’s Board of Directors (Board) also have the opportunity to defer their compensation through this arrangement.  The Company includes the net assets of the trust in its financial statements.  The deferred compensation obligation has been classified as a current liability and the net assets in the trust are classified as available-for-sale securities and are included in short-term investments.
 

F-16
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

8.
Long-term Liabilities
 
Long-term liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31, 2008 and 2007:
 

   
December 31,
   
2008
    
2007
Deferred tax
   $ 1,443     $ 1,113
Rent payable
     2,736       2,959
Accrued income taxes
     6,003       5,765
Other
     387       340
    $ 10,569     $ 10,177
 
9.
Commitments and Contingencies
 
The Company leases facilities, automobiles and certain equipment under agreements classified as operating leases, which expire at various dates through 2016.  Substantially all of the property leases provide for increases based upon use of utilities and landlord’s operating expenses.  Lease and auto expense under these agreements for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 was approximately $4.9 million, $5.0 million, and $15.0 million, respectively, of which $2.9 million in 2008, $2.9 million in 2007, and $12.7 million in 2006 related to automobiles leased for use by employees for a term of one year from the date of delivery with yearly annual renewal options.
 
As of December 31, 2008, contractual obligations with terms exceeding one year and estimated minimum future rental payments required by non-cancelable operating leases with initial or remaining lease terms exceeding one year are as follows:
 
       
Less than
    
1 to 3
    
3 to 5
    
After
  
   
Total
    
1 Year
    
            Years
    
Years
    
5 Years
  
Contractual obligations (1)
   $ 1,476     $ 859     $ 617     $ -     $ -  
Purchase obligations (2)
     7,583       7,000       583       -       -  
Operating lease obligations
                                        
  Minimum lease payments
     24,395       3,318       6,507       6,564       8,006  
  Less minimum sublease rentals (3)
     (5,113 )     (1,069 )     (1,613 )     (1,239 )     (1,192 )
Net minimum lease payments
     19,282       2,249       4,894       5,325       6,814  
Total
   $ 28,341     $ 10,108     $ 6,094     $ 5,325     $ 6,814  
 
 
 
(1)
Amounts represent contractual obligations related to software license contracts, data center hosting, and outsourcing contracts for software system support.
 
 
(2)
Represents minimum annualized purchase obligations associated with promotional spending as per the terms of the Company’s agreement with Novartis through February 2010, which is the early termination date for this contract provided that sales of the product remain below certain pre-determined thresholds.
 
 
(3)
In June 2005, we signed an agreement to sublease approximately 16,000 square feet of the first floor at our corporate headquarters facility in Saddle River, New Jersey.  The sublease is for a five-year term commencing July 15, 2005, and provides for approximately $2 million in lease payments over the five-year period.   In July 2007, we signed an agreement to sublease approximately 20,000 square feet of the second floor at our corporate headquarters.  The sublease term is through the remainder of our lease, which is approximately eight and one-half years and will provide for approximately $4.4 million in lease payments over that period.  Also in 2007, we signed two separate subleases at our facility in Dresher, Pennsylvania.  These subleases are for five-year terms and will provide approximately $650,000 combined in lease payments over the five-year period.
 
Letters of Credit
 
As of December 31, 2008, the Company has $5.9 million in letters of credit outstanding as required by its existing insurance policies and its facility leases.
 

F-17
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

 
        Litigation
 
Due to the nature of the businesses in which the Company is engaged, such as product detailing and in the past, the distribution of products, it could be exposed to certain risks. Such risks include, among others, risk of liability for personal injury or death to persons using products the Company promotes or distributes. There can be no assurance that substantial claims or liabilities will not arise in the future due to the nature of the Company’s business activities and recent increases in litigation related to healthcare products, including pharmaceuticals. The Company seeks to reduce its potential liability under its service agreements through measures such as contractual indemnification provisions with clients (the scope of which may vary from client to client, and the performances of which are not secured) and insurance. The Company could, however, also be held liable for errors and omissions of its employees in connection with the services it performs that are outside the scope of any indemnity or insurance policy. The Company could be materially adversely affected if it were required to pay damages or incur defense costs in connection with a claim that is outside the scope of an indemnification agreement; if the indemnity, although applicable, is not performed in accordance with its terms; or if the Company’s liability exceeds the amount of applicable insurance or indemnity.
 
Bayer-Baycol Litigation
 
The Company has been named as a defendant in numerous lawsuits, including two class action matters, alleging claims arising from the use of Baycol, a prescription cholesterol-lowering medication.  Baycol was distributed, promoted and sold by Bayer AG (Bayer) in the U.S. through early August 2001, at which time Bayer voluntarily withdrew Baycol from the U.S. market.  Bayer had retained certain companies, such as the Company, to provide detailing services on its behalf pursuant to contract sales force agreements.  The Company may be named in additional similar lawsuits.  To date, the Company has defended these actions vigorously and has asserted a contractual right of defense and indemnification against Bayer for all costs and expenses that it incurs relating to these proceedings.  In February 2003, the Company entered into a joint defense and indemnification agreement with Bayer, pursuant to which Bayer has agreed to assume substantially all of the Company’s defense costs in pending and prospective proceedings and to indemnify the Company in these lawsuits, subject to certain limited exceptions.  Further, Bayer agreed to reimburse the Company for all reasonable costs and expenses incurred through such date in defending these proceedings.  As of December 31, 2008, Bayer has reimbursed the Company for approximately $1.6 million in legal expenses, the majority of which was received in 2003 and was reflected as a credit within selling, general and administrative expense.  The Company did not incur any costs or expenses relating to these matters during 2005, 2006, 2007, or 2008.
 
10.
Product Commercialization Contract
 
On April 11, 2008, the Company announced the signing of a promotion agreement with Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (Novartis).  Pursuant to the agreement, the Company has the co-exclusive right to promote on behalf of Novartis the pharmaceutical product Elidel® (pimecrolimus) Cream 1% (the Product) to physicians in the United States. Under terms of the agreement, the Company is providing sales representatives to promote the Product to physicians.  The Company must perform a minimum number of sales calls to designated physicians each year, and the failure to satisfy this requirement could result in penalties being imposed on the Company.  In addition, the Company is obligated to spend at least $7.0 million per year during the term on promotional activities relating to the Product.  Finally, as required under the agreement, the Company paid an up-front nonrefundable fee of $1.0 million.  This fee was paid during the second quarter of 2008 and has been recognized as negative revenue pursuant to Emerging Issues Task Force Issue No. 01-09, "Accounting for Consideration Given by a Vendor to a Customer or a Reseller of the Vendor's Product."
 
In exchange for its promotional and sales force activities, the Company will be compensated each quarter based on a specified formula set forth in the agreement relating to Product sales for the quarter.  Under the terms of the contract, any shortfall between actual sales and the pre-determined threshold from the previous quarter is added to the current quarter’s threshold amount that the Company must achieve in order to generate revenue. It is possible that the Company may not receive any compensation if Product sales are below certain thresholds set forth in the agreement.
 
The term of the agreement is approximately four years, extending through March 31, 2012, and it may be extended for an additional year upon the mutual consent of the parties.  In addition, if the agreement is not terminated prior to its scheduled expiration on March 31, 2012, if due under the terms of the agreement, Novartis will provide the Company with two residual payments in accordance with specified formulas set forth in the agreement, which are payable 12 and 24 months after the expiration of the term of the agreement.
 

F-18
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

The agreement provides that if one or more major market events occur during the term that significantly affects the Product, in certain cases either party will have the right to terminate the agreement.  Either party may terminate the agreement if the other party materially breaches or fails to perform its obligations under the agreement.  In addition, either party may terminate the agreement, effective no earlier than February 2010, upon three months prior notice to the other party if the number of prescriptions for the Product generated in a specified period is less than a predetermined level for that period.  Novartis may terminate the agreement, effective no earlier than February 1, 2010, without cause upon three months prior notice to the Company subject to the payment of an early termination fee based in part on a fixed amount and in part on a specified formula set forth in the agreement.
 
As of December 31, 2008, the Company made expenditures of approximately $12.3 million in connection with our sales force activities and promotion of the product.  To date, the Company has not achieved the required sales levels necessary to receive revenue under its promotion agreement with Novartis.  The Company does not anticipate that it will achieve the required sales levels necessary to generate sufficient revenue to recover the costs it incurred or will incur in connection with this promotional program during the term of the contract.  The Company intends to terminate this contract at the early termination date for the contract, which is no sooner than February 1, 2010 provided that sales of the product remain below certain pre-determined thresholds.
 
At December 31, 2008, the Company accrued a contract loss of approximately $10.3 million, representing the anticipated future loss expected to be incurred by the Company to fulfill its contractual obligations under this product commercialization agreement until February 2010, the early termination date for this contract.  The loss contract provision for this product commercialization agreement includes cost of the sales force needed to deliver the minimum number of sales calls and promotional program costs, including the cost of samples and other promotional costs net of anticipated revenue.  In determining the amount of the loss contract provision, projections regarding estimated future cash flows are made to estimate the expected loss.  The use of alternative estimates and assumptions could increase or decrease the estimated loss and potentially result in a different impact to the Company’s results of operations.  Further, changes in business strategy and/or market conditions may significantly impact these judgments.  Actual results could materially differ from this estimate.
 
11.
Fair Value Measurements
 
As discussed in Note 2, the Company adopted FAS 157 for all financial assets and liabilities and for nonfinancial assets and liabilities recognized or disclosed at fair value in the Company’s consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually).  Broadly, the FAS 157 framework requires fair value to be determined based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.  FAS 157 establishes market or observable inputs as the preferred source of values, followed by assumptions based on hypothetical transactions in the absence of market inputs.  The valuation techniques required by FAS 157 are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following three-tier fair value hierarchy: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore, requiring the Company to develop its own assumptions.
 
The Company’s adoption of FAS 157 was limited to its investment in marketable securities.  See Note 2, Investments in Marketable Securities, for additional information.  The fair values for these securities are based on quoted market prices.
 

F-19
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

The following table presents financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value at December 31, 2008:


               
Fair Market
   
Carrying
    
Fair
    
Measurements at December 31, 2008
   
Amount
    
Value
    
Level 1
    
Level 2
    
Level 3
Available-for-sale securities
   $ 159     $ 159     $ 159     $ -     $ -
Held-to-maturity securities
     5,847       5,970       5,970       -       -
Total
   $ 6,006     $ 6,129     $ 6,129     $ -     $ -
                                       

12.
Preferred Stock
 
The Company's Board is authorized to issue, from time to time, up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series.  The Board is authorized to fix the rights and designation of each series, including dividend rights and rates, conversion rights, voting rights, redemption terms and prices, liquidation preferences and the number of shares of each series.  As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, there were no issued and outstanding shares of preferred stock.
 
13.
Stock-Based Compensation
 
On January 1, 2006, the Company adopted FAS 123R.  See Note 1, Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, for a description of the adoption of FAS 123R.  The Company’s stock-incentive program is a long term retention program that is intended to attract, retain and provide incentives for talented employees, officers and directors, and to align stockholder and employee interests.  The Company considers its stock-incentive program critical to its operations and productivity.  Currently, the Company grants options, SARs and restricted shares from the PDI, Inc. 2004 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (the 2004 Plan), which is described below.
 
The Company primarily uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options and SARs. The determination of the fair value of stock-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by the Company’s stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include the Company’s expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends.  Expected volatility was based on historical volatility.  As there is no trading volume for the Company’s options, implied volatility was not representative of the Company’s current volatility so the historical volatility was determined to be more indicative of the Company’s expected future stock performance.  The expected life was determined using the safe-harbor method permitted by Securities Exchange Commission’s Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No. 107 (SAB 107). The Company expects to use this simplified method for valuing employee SARs grants as permitted by the provisions of SAB 107 until more detailed information about exercise behavior becomes available over time.  The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term on the options or SARs.  The Company does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future and therefore uses an expected dividend yield of zero in the option valuation model. The Company is required to estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The Company uses historical data to estimate pre-vesting option forfeitures and records stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest.  The Company recognizes compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, arising from the issuance of stock options and SARs on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the grant.
 
The estimated compensation cost associated with the granting of restricted stock and restricted stock units is based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The Company recognizes the compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, arising from the issuance of restricted stock and restricted stock units on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the grant.
 

F-20
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

The following table provides the weighted average assumptions used in determining the fair value of the non-performance based stock-based awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006 respectively:


 
2008
  
2007
  
2006
Risk-free interest rate
2.25%
  
4.54%
  
4.81%
Expected life
3.5 years
  
3.5 years
  
3.5 years
Expected volatility
41.31%
  
50.87%
  
66.12%

Stock Incentive Plan
 
In June 2004, the Board and stockholders approved the 2004 Plan.  The 2004 Plan replaced the 1998 Stock Option Plan (the 1998 Plan) and the 2000 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the 2000 Plan).  The 2004 Plan reserved an additional 893,916 shares for new awards as well as combined the remaining shares available under the 1998 Plan and 2000 Plan.  The maximum number of shares that can be granted under the 2004 Plan is approximately 2.9 million shares.  Eligible participants under the 2004 Plan include officers and other employees of the Company, members of the Board and outside consultants, as specified under the 2004 Plan and designated by the Compensation and Management Development Committee of the Board.  Unless earlier terminated by action of the Board, the 2004 Plan will remain in effect until such time as no stock remains available for delivery under the 2004 Plan and the Company has no further rights or obligations under the 2004 Plan with respect to outstanding awards under the 2004 plan.  No participant may be granted more than the annual limit of 400,000 shares plus the amount of the participant's unused annual limit relating to share-based awards as of the close of the previous year, subject to adjustment for splits and other extraordinary corporate events.
 
Historically, stock options were generally granted with an exercise price equal to the market value of the common stock on the date of grant, expired 10 years from the date they are granted, and generally vested over a two-year period for members of the Board of Directors and three-year period for employees.  Upon exercise, new shares are issued by the Company.  The Company has not issued stock options since 2005.  SARs are generally granted with a grant price equal to the market value of the common stock on the date of grant, vest one-third each year on the anniversary of the date of grant and expire five years from the date of grant.  The restricted shares and restricted stock units generally have vesting periods that range from eighteen months to three years and are subject to accelerated vesting and forfeiture under certain circumstances.
 
In November 2008, the Company’s chief executive officer was granted 140,000 restricted stock units and 280,000 performance contingent SARs.  The restricted stock units will vest into shares of the Company’s common stock, equally in five installments, with the initial 20% of the units vesting immediately on the grant date and an additional 20% of the units vesting on each anniversary of the grant date over a four year period. The performance contingent SARs have an exercise price of $4.28, a seven year term to expiration, and a weighted average fair value of $0.86.  The fair value estimate of the performance contingent SARs was calculated by an accredited independent valuation consultant using a Monte Carlo Simulation model.  The performance contingent SARs are subject to the same vesting schedule as the restricted stock units but are only exercisable if the following stock performance-based conditions are satisfied: (1) with respect to the initial 94,000 performance contingent SARs, the closing price of the Company’s common stock is at least $10.00 per share for 60 consecutive trading days anytime within five years from the grant date; (2) with respect to the next 93,000 performance contingent SARs, the closing price of the Company’s common stock is at least $15.00 per share for 60 consecutive trading days anytime within five years from the grant date; and (3) with respect to the final 93,000 performance contingent SARs, the closing price of the Company’s common stock is at least $20.00 per share for 60 consecutive trading days anytime within five years from the grant date.
 
The weighted average fair value of non-performance based SARs granted during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 was estimated to be $2.54, $3.97 and $6.31 respectively.  For the year ended December 31, 2006 the aggregate intrinsic values of options and SARs exercised under the Company’s stock option plans was approximately $130,000 determined as of the date of exercise.  There were no exercises in 2007 or 2008.  As of December 31, 2008, there was $2.0 million of total unrecognized compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to unvested SARs and restricted stock that are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.5 years.  Cash received from options exercised under the Company’s stock option plans for the years ended December 31, 2006 was $87,000.  Historically, shares issued upon the exercise of options have been new shares and have not come from treasury shares.
 

F-21
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

The impact of stock options, SARs, performance shares and restricted stock on net (loss) income and cash flow for 2008, 2007 and 2006 was as follows:

   
2008
    
2007
    
2006
  
Stock options and SARs
   $ 259     $ 455     $ 361  
Conditional grant
     -       -       104  
Common stock awards
     300       -       -  
Performance awards
     9       11       (60 )
Restricted stock
     1,052       1,163       1,198  
      1,620       1,629       1,603  
Acceleration of vesting - restricted stock
     8       54       233  
Forfeitures
     (141 )     (207 )     (176 )
Total stock-based compensation expense
     1,487       1,476       1,660  
Tax impact
     (583 )     (565 )     (408 )
Reduction to net income
   $ 904     $ 911     $ 1,252  
                         
Increase (reduction) in cash flow
                        
from operating activies
   $ -     $ 242     $ (23 )
(Reduction) increase in cash flow
                        
from financing activies
   $ -     $ (242 )   $ 23  

A summary of option and SARs activity for the year ended December 31, 2008 and changes during the year then ended is presented below:


         
Weighted-
            
         
Average
    
Contractual
    
Intrinsic
   
Shares
    
Grant Price
    
Period (in years)
    
Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2008
     646,825     $ 18.18       4.18     $ 19
Granted
     474,538       5.69       6.21       -
Forfeited or expired
     (323,986 )     12.54                
Outstanding at December 31, 2008
     797,377       13.04       4.77       -
                               
Exercisable at December 31, 2008
     370,378     $ 21.40       3.58     $ -

A summary of the status of the Company’s nonvested SARs for the year ended December 31, 2008 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2008 is presented below:


   
Shares
    
Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
           
Nonvested at January 1, 2008
     198,990     $ 4.71
Granted
     474,538       1.55
Vested
     (130,055 )     3.19
Forfeited
     (172,925 )     3.37
Nonvested at December 31, 2008
     370,548     $ 1.82
               


A summary of the Company’s outstanding shares of restricted stock and restricted stock units for the year ended December 31, 2008 and changes during the year then ended is presented below:
 

F-22
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

         
Weighted-
    
Average
    
 Aggregate
         
Average
    
Remaining
    
Intrinsic
         
Grant Date
    
Vesting
    
Value
   
Shares
    
Fair Value
    
Period (in years)
    
(in thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2008
     213,964     $ 10.71       2.07     $ 2,005
Granted
     298,388       6.33       2.90       1,197
Vested
     (79,668 )     11.15                
Forfeited
     (108,259 )     8.83                
Outstanding at December 31, 2008
     324,425     $ 7.20       2.56     $ 1,301
                               
 
14.
Significant Customers
 
During 2008, 2007 and 2006 the Company had several significant customers for which it provided services under specific contractual arrangements.  The following sets forth the net revenue generated by customers who accounted for more than 10% of the Company's revenue during each of the periods presented.

 
     
Years Ended December 31,
Customer
    
2008
    
2007
    
2006
 
A
     $ 31,697     $ 15,155     $ -
  B       15,304       -       -
  C       12,072       13,259       -
  D               15,992        
  E       -       -       68,240
  F       -       -       43,603
 
For all the customers listed above, excluding customer A, the Company recorded revenue in both segments.  For customer A, all the revenue was in the sales services segment.
 
For the years ended December 31, 2008, and 2007, the Company’s three largest customers, who each individually represented 10% or more of its revenue, accounted for in the aggregate, approximately 52.5% and 37.9% respectively, of its revenue.  For the year ended December 31, 2006 the Company’s two largest customers, each of whom represented 10% or more of its revenue, accounted for, in the aggregate, approximately 46.8% of its revenue.
 
At December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company’s three largest customers represented 71.7% and 21.4%, respectively, of the aggregate of outstanding accounts receivable and unbilled services.
 
On March 21, 2007, the Company announced that a large pharmaceutical company customer had notified them of its intention not to renew its contract sales engagement with the Company upon its scheduled expiration on May 12, 2007.  This contract, which had a one-year term, represented approximately $37 million in annual revenue.
 
On February 28, 2006, the Company announced that it has been notified by AstraZeneca that its fee-for-service agreements with the Company would be terminated effective April 30, 2006, reducing revenue by approximately $63.8 million in 2006.  On September 26, 2006, the Company announced that it had received verbal notification from GSK of its intention not to renew its contract sales engagement with the Company for 2007. The contract, which represented approximately $65 million to $70 million in revenue on an annual basis, expired as scheduled on December 31, 2006. On October 25, 2006, the Company also announced that it had received notification from sanofi-aventis of its intention to terminate its contract sales engagement with the Company effective December 1, 2006. The contract, which represented approximately $18 million to $20 million in revenue on an annual basis, was previously scheduled to expire on December 31, 2006.
 
15.
Executive Severance
 
On June 20, 2008, the Company announced the retirement of Michael J. Marquard as chief executive officer and as a member of the board of directors. In connection with his retirement, the Company recorded approximately $0.9 million in compensation expense in 2008.  During 2008, the Company also announced the departure of one other executive vice president for which it incurred
 

F-23
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

approximately $0.3 million in additional compensation expense.
 
The Company recognized charges of approximately $0.6 million related to executive resignations/settlements in 2006.  There were no executive severance charges for the year ended December 31, 2007.
 
16.
Facilities Realignment
 
The Company recorded facility realignment charges totaling approximately $75,000, $1.0 million and $2.0 million during 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.  These charges were for costs related to excess leased office space the Company has at its Saddle River, New Jersey and Dresher, Pennsylvania facilities.  In 2007, the Company sub-leased the excess office space at its Saddle River, New Jersey location and also secured sub-leases for two of the three vacant spaces at its Dresher location.  The Company is currently seeking to sublease the remaining excess space at its Dresher location.  A summary of the significant components of the facility realignment charges for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 by segment is as follows:


   
Sales
    
Marketing
        
2006:
  
Services
    
Services
    
Total
  
Facility lease obligations
   $ 803     $ (146 )   $ 657  
Asset impairments (1)
     474       821       1,295  
Total facility realignment charge
   $ 1,277     $ 675     $ 1,952  
2007:
                        
Facility lease obligations
   $ (198 )   $ (82 )   $ (280 )
Asset impairments (1)
     1,020       56       1,076  
Related charges
     225       -       225  
Total facility realignment charge
   $ 1,047     $ (26 )   $ 1,021  
2008:
                        
Facility lease obligations
   $ -     $ 75     $ 75  
Total facility realignment charge
   $ -     $ 75     $ 75  
                         
(1) The asset impairments resulted in charges to the accumulated depreciation balance
  

The following table presents a reconciliation of the restructuring charges in 2007 and 2008 to the balance at December 31, 2008 and 2007, which is included in other accrued expenses ($0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively) and in long-term liabilities ($0.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively):


   
Sales
    
Marketing
        
   
Services
    
Services
    
Total
  
                   
Balance as of December 31, 2006
   $ 1,549     $ 763     $ 2,312  
Accretion
     11       10       21  
Adjustments
     (198 )     (82 )     (280 )
Payments
     (1,089 )     (289 )     (1,378 )
Balance as of December 31, 2007
   $ 273     $ 402     $ 675  
Accretion
     6       7       13  
Adjustments
     -       75       75  
Payments
     (87 )     (117 )     (204 )
Balance as of December 31, 2008
   $ 192     $ 367     $ 559  

Charges for facility lease obligations relate to real estate lease contracts where the Company has exited certain space and is required to make payments over the remaining lease term (January 2016 and November 2016 for the Saddle River, New Jersey facility and for the Dresher, Pennsylvania facility, respectively).  All lease termination amounts are shown net of projected sublease income.  The charges in 2008 pertained to a change in the estimated time it will take to sublet the remaining Dresher space.  The charges in 2007 were primarily related to the exiting of the computer data center space at its Saddle River location as the Company is now outsourcing that capability. The charges in 2006 reflected additional space exited as well as additional charges to reflect the softness of the real estate market in both areas as neither sublet despite actively marketing the spaces.  Additionally, in 2006, the Company recorded an impairment charge related to leasehold improvements in both spaces as it was unlikely that the Company will be able to recover the carrying value of these assets.
 

F-24
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

 
17.
Income Taxes
 
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities, as measured by the current enacted tax rates.  Deferred tax expense (benefit) is the result of changes in the deferred tax asset and liability.
 
The provision (benefit) for income taxes from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 is comprised of the following:


   
2008
    
2007
    
2006
  
Current:
                  
Federal
   $ 278     $ 465     $ (1,520 )
State
     266       189       (1,914 )
Total current
     544       654       (3,434 )
                         
Deferred:
                        
Federal
     314       1,058       2,592  
State
     17       55       118  
Total deferred
     331       1,113       2,710  
Provision for income taxes
   $ 875     $ 1,767     $ (724 )


Total income tax expense in 2008, 2007 and 2006, including taxes associated with discontinued operations was $0.9 million, $1.8 million, and ($0.5) million, respectively.
 
The tax effects of significant items comprising the Company’s deferred tax assets and (liabilities) as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 are as follows:

   
2008
    
2007
  
Current deferred tax assets (liabilities)
            
  included in other current assets:
            
Allowances and reserves
   $ 4,931     $ 1,402  
Compensation
     3,022       905  
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets
     (7,953 )     (2,307 )
      -       -  
Noncurrent deferred tax assets (liabilities)
          
  included in other long-term assets:
                
State net operating loss carryforwards
     3,171       2,221  
Federal net operating loss carryforwards
     10,218       3,148  
State taxes
     1,052       1,066  
Compensation
     (474 )     -  
Equity investment
     135       128  
Self insurance and other reserves
     1,736       1,940  
Property, plant and equipment
     978       178  
Intangible assets
     (681 )     (291 )
Other reserves - restructuring
     25       (64 )
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets
     (17,603 )     (9,439 )
      (1,443 )     (1,113 )
Net deferred tax liability
   $ (1,443 )   $ (1,113 )
                 

The Company performs an analysis each year to determine whether the expected future income will more likely than not be sufficient to realize the deferred tax assets.  The Company's recent operating results and projections of future income weighed heavily in the Company's overall assessment.  As a result, the Company established a full federal and state valuation allowance for the net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2008 and 2007 because the Company determined that it was more likely than not that these assets would not be realized.  At December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company had a valuation allowance of approximately $25.6 million and $11.7 million, respectively, related to the Company's net deferred tax assets.
 

F-25
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

The noncurrent net deferred tax liability relates to tax amortization of the tax basis in goodwill associated with the Pharmakon acquisition.  Prior to 2007, the Company included in net deferred tax assets, the deferred tax liability related to the Pharmakon acquisition. In the first quarter of 2007 the Company determined that this deferred tax liability would not be realizable for an indeterminate time in the future and consequently should not be included in net deferred tax assets for purposes of calculating the valuation allowance in any period. As a result, the Company increased the valuation allowance by $882,000 in the first quarter of 2007.  The Company did not believe this increase was material to the results of operations or its financial position in 2007.  The Company also believes that the additional valuation allowance that would have resulted as of December 31, 2006 was not material to the results of operations or the financial position of the Company in those years.
 
Federal tax attribute carryforwards at December 31, 2008, consist primarily of approximately $29.2 million of net operating losses and $339,000 of capital losses.  In addition, the Company has approximately $63.5 million of state net operating losses carryforwards.  The utilization of the federal carryforwards as an available offset to future taxable income is subject to limitations under federal income tax laws.  If the federal net operating losses are not utilized, they begin to expire in 2027, and if the current state net operating losses are not utilized they begin to expire in 2009.  The capital losses can only be utilized against capital gains and $339,000 will expire in 2009.
 
A reconciliation of the difference between the federal statutory tax rates and the Company's effective tax rate is as follows:

 
 
2008
  
2007
  
2006
Federal statutory rate
(35.0%)
  
(35.0%)
  
35.0%
State income tax rate, net
          
of Federal tax benefit
1.8%
  
1.0%
  
(11.0%)
Meals and entertainment
0.1%
  
0.4%
  
0.3%
Valuation allowance
34.1%
  
46.8%
  
(26.9%)
Other non-deductible
0.9%
  
0.2%
  
(2.0%)
Tax exempt income
0.0%
  
(2.7%)
  
(6.0%)
Net change in Federal and state reserves
0.7%
  
10.8%
  
3.8%
Effective tax rate
2.6%
  
21.5%
  
(6.8%)
           

The Company adopted the provisions of FIN48 on January 1, 2007.  As a result of the implementation of FIN 48, the Company recognized no material adjustment in the liability for unrecognized income tax benefits. At the adoption date of January 1, 2007, the Company had $4.0 million of unrecognized tax benefits, all of which would affect its effective tax rate if recognized. At December 31, 2007, the Company had $4.1 million of unrecognized tax benefits, all of which would affect its effective tax rate if recognized.
 
Upon adoption of FIN 48, the Company’s income tax liabilities as of January 1, 2007 included a total of $4.0 million for unrecognized tax benefits, excluding approximately $925,000 of related accrued interest, and approximately $300,000 of related penalties. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding accrued interest and penalties, is as follows:

 
   
Unrecognized
  
   
Tax Benefits
  
Balance of unrecognized benefits as of January 1, 2007
   $ 4,027  
Additions for tax positions related to the current year
     11  
Additions for tax positions of prior years
     209  
Reductions for tax positions of prior years
     (137 )
Balance as of December 31, 2007
   $ 4,110  
Reductions for tax positions of prior years
     (157 )
Balance as of December 31, 2008
   $ 3,953  
         


F-26
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2008, the Company recognized approximately $504,000, respectively, of such interest expense as a component of its “Provision (benefit) for income taxes."  The liability for unrecognized tax benefits included accrued interest of $1.8 million and $1.4 million at December 31, 2008 and January 1, 2008, respectively.  The Company has approximately $265,000 and $300,000 of accrued liabilities or expense for penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
 
The Company and its subsidiaries file a U.S. Federal consolidated income tax return and consolidated and separate income tax returns in numerous state and local tax jurisdictions.  The following tax years remain subject to examination as of December 31, 2008:
 
Jurisdiction
Tax Years
Federal
2003-2007
State and Local
2002-2007
   
The Company reached an agreement with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) examiner in regards to the audit of the 2003, 2004 and 2005 tax years.  The adjustments are not material to the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.  The Company does not anticipate a significant change to the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.
 
The Company is currently in the examination phase of a state and local income tax audit for the years 2003 through 2006, and expects this audit to be completed within the next 12 months with no material adjustments.
 
18.
Historical Basic and Diluted Net (Loss)/Income per Share
 
Historical basic and diluted net (loss)/income per share is calculated based on the requirements of SFAS No. 128, “Earnings Per Share.”  A reconciliation of the number of shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 is as follows:
 

   
Years Ended December 31,
   
2008
    
2007
    
2006
                 
Basic weighted average number of common shares
     14,012       13,940       13,859
Dilutive effect of stock options, SARs, and
                      
restricted stock
     -       -       135
Diluted weighted average number
                      
of common shares
     14,012       13,940       13,994
                       

Outstanding options at December 31, 2008 to purchase 304,531 of common stock with exercise prices of $7.70 to $83.69 were not included in the computation of historical and pro forma diluted net income per share because to do so would have been antidilutive, as a result of the Company’s net loss in 2008.  In addition, there were 492,846 SARs outstanding with exercise prices $4.28 to $20.15 that were not included in the computation of earnings per share as a result of the Company’s net loss.
 
Outstanding options at December 31, 2007 to purchase 372,441 shares of common stock with exercise prices of $7.70 to $83.69 were not included in the computation of historical and pro forma diluted net income per share because to do so would have been antidilutive, as a result of the Company’s net loss in 2007.  In addition, there were 274,384 outstanding SARs with exercise prices $9.52 to $20.15 that were not included in the computation of earnings per share as a result of the Company’s net loss.
 
Outstanding options at December 31, 2006 to purchase 734,404 shares of common stock with exercise prices of $14.16 to $93.75 were not included in the 2006 computation of historical and pro forma diluted net income per share because the exercise prices of the options were greater than the average market price per share of the common stock and therefore, the effect would have been antidilutive. In addition, there were 81,856 outstanding SARs with exercise prices $12.52 to $20.15 that were not included in the 2006 computation of historical and pro forma diluted net income per share because the exercise prices of the options were greater than the average market price per share of the common stock and therefore, the effect would have been antidilutive.
 

F-27
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

19.
Discontinued Operations
 
The Company discontinued its MD&D business in the second quarter of 2006.  The MD&D business included the Company’s MD&D contract sales and clinical sales teams and was previously reported in the sales services reporting segment.  There was no activity within discontinued operations in 2007 or 2008.  Summarized selected financial information for the discontinued operations is as follows:

 
   
For the Year Ended December 31, 2006
Revenue, net
   $ 1,876
       
Income from discontinued
      
operations before income tax
   $ 693
Income tax expense
     259
Net income from
      
discontinued operations
   $ 434
       

 
20.
Segment Information
 
The accounting policies followed by the segments are described in Note 1, Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies.  Corporate charges are allocated to each of the operating segments on the basis of total salary costs. Corporate charges include corporate headquarter costs and certain depreciation expenses. Certain corporate capital expenditures have not been allocated from the sales services segment to the other operating segments since it is impracticable to do so.
 
The Company reports under the following three segments:
 
Sales services segment – includes the Company’s Performance and Select Access teams.  This segment uses teams to deliver services to a wide base; they have similar long-term average gross margins, contract terms, types of customers and regulatory environments. One segment manager oversees the operations of all of these units and regularly discusses the results of operations, forecasts and activities of this segment with the chief operating decision maker;
 
Marketing services segment – includes the Company’s marketing research and medical education and communication services. This segment is project driven; the units comprising it have a large number of smaller contracts, share similar gross margins, have similar customers, and have low barriers to entry for competition.  There are many discrete offerings within this segment, including: accredited continuing medical education (CME), content development for CME, promotional medical education, marketing research and communications.  The CME portion of this segment will be discontinued in 2009.  Two unit managers oversee the operations of these units and regularly discuss the results of operations, forecasts and activities of this segment with the chief operating decision maker; and
 
Product commercialization segment – includes revenues and expenses associated with the Company’s licensing and co-promotion of pharmaceutical products.  In 2008, this segment consisted of our current promotional agreement with Novartis.  Any business opportunities are reviewed by the chief executive officer and other members of senior management.
 

F-28
 
 
 
PDI, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(tabular information in thousands, except share and per share data)
 

   
Sales
    
Marketing
    
Product
        
   
Services
    
Services
    
Commercialization
    
Consolidated
  
For the year ended December 31, 2008:
                        
Revenue
   $ 89,656     $ 23,872     $ (1,000 )   $ 112,528  
Operating loss
     (7,196 )     (3,070 )     (26,161 )     (36,427 )
Capital expenditures
     339       60       -       399  
Depreciation expense
     2,570       652       97       3,319  
Total assets
     112,469       36,567       -       149,036  
                                 
For the year ended December 31, 2007:
                                
Revenue
   $ 86,766     $ 30,365     $ -     $ 117,131  
Operating loss
     (13,918 )     (362 )     -       (14,280 )
Capital expenditures
     870       139       -       1,009  
Depreciation expense
     3,477       828       -       4,305  
Total assets
     140,161       39,393       -       179,554  
                                 
For the year ended December 31, 2006:
                                
Revenue
   $ 202,748     $ 36,494     $ -     $ 239,242  
Operating income
     33       2,798       3,082       5,913  
Capital expenditures
     1,508       262       -       1,770  
Depreciation expense
     3,671       679       -       4,350  
Total assets
     157,750       43,886       -       201,636  


F-29
 
 
 

PDI, INC.
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2006, 2007 AND 2008
                       
   
Balance at
    
Additions
       (1)    
Balance at
   
Beginning
    
Charged to
    
Deductions
    
end
Description
  
of Period
    
Operations
    
Other
    
of Period
2006
                        
Allowance for doubtful accounts
   $ 778,407     $ 35,713     $ (778,407 )   $ 35,713
Allowance for doubtful notes
     1,242,378       38,051       (495,837 )     784,592
Tax valuation allowance
     9,820,101       -       (3,035,884 )     6,784,217
Accrued product rebates, sales
                              
discounts and returns
     230,859       -       -       230,859
                               
2007
                              
Allowance for doubtful accounts
   $ 35,713     $ -     $ (35,713 )   $ -
Allowance for doubtful notes
     784,592       30,416       (159,163 )     655,845
Tax valuation allowance
     6,784,217       -       4,960,586       11,744,803
Accrued product rebates, sales
                              
discounts and returns
     230,859       -       -       230,859
                               
2008
                              
Allowance for doubtful accounts
   $ -     $ -     $ -     $ -
Allowance for doubtful notes
     655,845       30,500       -       686,345
Tax valuation allowance
     11,744,803       -       13,811,001       25,555,804
Accrued product rebates, sales
                              
discounts and returns
     230,859       -       -       230,859
                               
                               
(1)  Includes payments and actual write offs, as well as changes in estimates in the reserves and
the impact of acquisitions.



F-30